Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests
The ecosystem services provided by earthworms are lost when land management reduces their populations, hence, the importance of thorough assessments of management effects on this group. The present study aimed to: (1) review the possible influence of other ingredients within the formulations of two...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/9/488 |
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| author | Gabriella Jorge-Escudero Mariana Pérez Polanco Jan Erland Lagerlöf Carlos Alberto Pérez Diana Míguez |
| author_facet | Gabriella Jorge-Escudero Mariana Pérez Polanco Jan Erland Lagerlöf Carlos Alberto Pérez Diana Míguez |
| author_sort | Gabriella Jorge-Escudero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ecosystem services provided by earthworms are lost when land management reduces their populations, hence, the importance of thorough assessments of management effects on this group. The present study aimed to: (1) review the possible influence of other ingredients within the formulations of two commercial fungicides; (2) assess the sublethal effects of these commercial fungicides on <i>Eisenia fetida</i>; and (3) assess the acute lethal effects of one commercial fungicide on both <i>Glossoscolex rione</i> and <i>E. fetida</i>. Examining all components of the studied commercial formulations revealed that alongside the toxic active ingredients are other ingredients that are equally as or more toxic than the former and may even be in higher concentrations. The inhibition concentration of 10% of <i>E. fetida’s</i> progeny (IC<sub>10</sub>) was estimated at 133 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for PROSARO<sup>®</sup> and 1544 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for SWING PLUS<sup>®</sup>. Both fungicides showed an effect of hormesis on the progeny. In this first toxicity study with <i>G. rione</i>, it was found that this species is more sensitive to PROSARO<sup>®</sup> than <i>E. fetida</i>, with preliminary 14 day-lethal concentrations of 285 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for the former and >1000 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for the latter. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85aa9eaf2ff84311bef2836d12adfe98 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-85aa9eaf2ff84311bef2836d12adfe982023-11-23T19:14:58ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-08-0110948810.3390/toxics10090488Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm TestsGabriella Jorge-Escudero0Mariana Pérez Polanco1Jan Erland Lagerlöf2Carlos Alberto Pérez3Diana Míguez4Departamento de Sistemas Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, UruguayDepartamento de Sistemas Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, UruguayDepartment of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, SwedenDepartamento de Protección Vegetal, EEMAC, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú 60000, UruguayLatitud-LATU Foundation, Technological Laboratory of Uruguay (LATU), Montevideo 11500, UruguayThe ecosystem services provided by earthworms are lost when land management reduces their populations, hence, the importance of thorough assessments of management effects on this group. The present study aimed to: (1) review the possible influence of other ingredients within the formulations of two commercial fungicides; (2) assess the sublethal effects of these commercial fungicides on <i>Eisenia fetida</i>; and (3) assess the acute lethal effects of one commercial fungicide on both <i>Glossoscolex rione</i> and <i>E. fetida</i>. Examining all components of the studied commercial formulations revealed that alongside the toxic active ingredients are other ingredients that are equally as or more toxic than the former and may even be in higher concentrations. The inhibition concentration of 10% of <i>E. fetida’s</i> progeny (IC<sub>10</sub>) was estimated at 133 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for PROSARO<sup>®</sup> and 1544 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for SWING PLUS<sup>®</sup>. Both fungicides showed an effect of hormesis on the progeny. In this first toxicity study with <i>G. rione</i>, it was found that this species is more sensitive to PROSARO<sup>®</sup> than <i>E. fetida</i>, with preliminary 14 day-lethal concentrations of 285 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for the former and >1000 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for the latter.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/9/488<i>Eisenia fetida</i><i>Glossoscolex rione</i>fusarium head blightcocktail effectother ingredientsformulated product |
| spellingShingle | Gabriella Jorge-Escudero Mariana Pérez Polanco Jan Erland Lagerlöf Carlos Alberto Pérez Diana Míguez Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests Toxics <i>Eisenia fetida</i> <i>Glossoscolex rione</i> fusarium head blight cocktail effect other ingredients formulated product |
| title | Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests |
| title_full | Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests |
| title_fullStr | Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests |
| title_full_unstemmed | Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests |
| title_short | Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests |
| title_sort | commercial fungicide toxic effects on terrestrial non target species might be underestimated when based solely on active ingredient toxicity and standard earthworm tests |
| topic | <i>Eisenia fetida</i> <i>Glossoscolex rione</i> fusarium head blight cocktail effect other ingredients formulated product |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/9/488 |
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