Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation
The immune system plays a major role in protecting the host against viral infection. Rapid initial protection is conveyed by innate immune cells, while adaptive immunity (including T lymphocytes) requires several days to develop, yet provides high specificity and long-lasting memory. Invariant natur...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2012-10-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/10/2379 |
| _version_ | 1818912322738978816 |
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| author | Maaike E. Ressing Anna M. Gram Ruben J. Geerdink Daniëlle Horst Arie J. Stoppelenburg |
| author_facet | Maaike E. Ressing Anna M. Gram Ruben J. Geerdink Daniëlle Horst Arie J. Stoppelenburg |
| author_sort | Maaike E. Ressing |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The immune system plays a major role in protecting the host against viral infection. Rapid initial protection is conveyed by innate immune cells, while adaptive immunity (including T lymphocytes) requires several days to develop, yet provides high specificity and long-lasting memory. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor together with markers of the innate NK cell lineage. Activated iNKT cells can exert direct cytolysis and can rapidly release a variety of immune-polarizing cytokines, thereby regulating the ensuing adaptive immune response. iNKT cells recognize lipids in the context of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Intriguingly, CD1d-restricted iNKT cells appear to play a critical role in anti-viral defense: increased susceptibility to disseminated viral infections is observed both in patients with iNKT cell deficiency as well as in CD1d- and iNKT cell-deficient mice. Moreover, viruses have recently been found to use sophisticated strategies to withstand iNKT cell-mediated elimination. This review focuses on CD1d-restricted lipid presentation and the strategies viruses deploy to subvert this pathway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T23:12:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85e9dee047dc424486c559707218024e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T23:12:45Z |
| publishDate | 2012-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-85e9dee047dc424486c559707218024e2022-12-21T20:02:10ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152012-10-014102379239910.3390/v4102379Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell ActivationMaaike E. RessingAnna M. GramRuben J. GeerdinkDaniëlle HorstArie J. StoppelenburgThe immune system plays a major role in protecting the host against viral infection. Rapid initial protection is conveyed by innate immune cells, while adaptive immunity (including T lymphocytes) requires several days to develop, yet provides high specificity and long-lasting memory. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor together with markers of the innate NK cell lineage. Activated iNKT cells can exert direct cytolysis and can rapidly release a variety of immune-polarizing cytokines, thereby regulating the ensuing adaptive immune response. iNKT cells recognize lipids in the context of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Intriguingly, CD1d-restricted iNKT cells appear to play a critical role in anti-viral defense: increased susceptibility to disseminated viral infections is observed both in patients with iNKT cell deficiency as well as in CD1d- and iNKT cell-deficient mice. Moreover, viruses have recently been found to use sophisticated strategies to withstand iNKT cell-mediated elimination. This review focuses on CD1d-restricted lipid presentation and the strategies viruses deploy to subvert this pathway.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/10/2379CD1diNKT cellsimmune evasionvirusesantigen presentation |
| spellingShingle | Maaike E. Ressing Anna M. Gram Ruben J. Geerdink Daniëlle Horst Arie J. Stoppelenburg Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation Viruses CD1d iNKT cells immune evasion viruses antigen presentation |
| title | Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation |
| title_full | Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation |
| title_fullStr | Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation |
| title_short | Hiding Lipid Presentation: Viral Interference with CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Activation |
| title_sort | hiding lipid presentation viral interference with cd1d restricted invariant natural killer t inkt cell activation |
| topic | CD1d iNKT cells immune evasion viruses antigen presentation |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/10/2379 |
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