Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments
Cancer has been the leading cause of mortalities, with lung cancer contributing 18% to overall deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. The primary form of therapy used to treat lung cancer still includes oral and systemic administration of drugs, radiot...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/1/139 |
| _version_ | 1797437848574492672 |
|---|---|
| author | Chetna Gupta Aadya Jaipuria Nikesh Gupta |
| author_facet | Chetna Gupta Aadya Jaipuria Nikesh Gupta |
| author_sort | Chetna Gupta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cancer has been the leading cause of mortalities, with lung cancer contributing 18% to overall deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. The primary form of therapy used to treat lung cancer still includes oral and systemic administration of drugs, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Some patients have to go through a regime of combination therapy. Despite being the only available form of therapy, their use is limited due to the adverse effects, toxicity, and development of resistance over prolonged use. This led to a shift and progressive evolution into using pulmonary drug delivery systems. Being a non-invasive method of drug-administration and allowing localized delivery of drugs to cancer cells, inhalable drug delivery systems can lead to lower dosing and fewer systemic toxicities over other conventional routes. In this way, we can increase the actual local concentration of the drug in lungs, which will ultimately lead to better antitumor therapy. Nano-based systems also provide additional diagnostic advantages during lung cancer treatment, including imaging, screening, and tracking. Regardless of the advantages, pulmonary delivery is still in the early stages of development and various factors such as pharmacology, immunology, and toxicology should be taken into consideration for the development of suitable inhalable nano-based chemotherapeutic drugs. They face numerous physiological barriers such as lung retention and efficacy, and could also lead to toxicity due to prolonged exposure. Nano-carriers with a sustained drug release mechanism could help in overcoming these challenges. This review article will focus on the various inhalable formulations for targeted drug delivery, including nano-based delivery systems such as lipids, liposome, polymeric and inorganic nanocarriers, micelles, microparticles and nanoaggregates for lung cancer treatment. Various devices used in pulmonary drug delivery loaded on various nano-carriers are also discussed in detail. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:27:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85fe378ae6c5406a9b8ea3f2765b83d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:27:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-85fe378ae6c5406a9b8ea3f2765b83d52023-11-30T23:58:16ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-12-0115113910.3390/pharmaceutics15010139Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and DevelopmentsChetna Gupta0Aadya Jaipuria1Nikesh Gupta2Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, IndiaMassachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USACancer has been the leading cause of mortalities, with lung cancer contributing 18% to overall deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. The primary form of therapy used to treat lung cancer still includes oral and systemic administration of drugs, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Some patients have to go through a regime of combination therapy. Despite being the only available form of therapy, their use is limited due to the adverse effects, toxicity, and development of resistance over prolonged use. This led to a shift and progressive evolution into using pulmonary drug delivery systems. Being a non-invasive method of drug-administration and allowing localized delivery of drugs to cancer cells, inhalable drug delivery systems can lead to lower dosing and fewer systemic toxicities over other conventional routes. In this way, we can increase the actual local concentration of the drug in lungs, which will ultimately lead to better antitumor therapy. Nano-based systems also provide additional diagnostic advantages during lung cancer treatment, including imaging, screening, and tracking. Regardless of the advantages, pulmonary delivery is still in the early stages of development and various factors such as pharmacology, immunology, and toxicology should be taken into consideration for the development of suitable inhalable nano-based chemotherapeutic drugs. They face numerous physiological barriers such as lung retention and efficacy, and could also lead to toxicity due to prolonged exposure. Nano-carriers with a sustained drug release mechanism could help in overcoming these challenges. This review article will focus on the various inhalable formulations for targeted drug delivery, including nano-based delivery systems such as lipids, liposome, polymeric and inorganic nanocarriers, micelles, microparticles and nanoaggregates for lung cancer treatment. Various devices used in pulmonary drug delivery loaded on various nano-carriers are also discussed in detail.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/1/139inhalationpulmonary deliverylung cancerdry-powder inhalersnanomedicines |
| spellingShingle | Chetna Gupta Aadya Jaipuria Nikesh Gupta Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments Pharmaceutics inhalation pulmonary delivery lung cancer dry-powder inhalers nanomedicines |
| title | Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments |
| title_full | Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments |
| title_fullStr | Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments |
| title_short | Inhalable Formulations to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Recent Therapies and Developments |
| title_sort | inhalable formulations to treat non small cell lung cancer nsclc recent therapies and developments |
| topic | inhalation pulmonary delivery lung cancer dry-powder inhalers nanomedicines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/1/139 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chetnagupta inhalableformulationstotreatnonsmallcelllungcancernsclcrecenttherapiesanddevelopments AT aadyajaipuria inhalableformulationstotreatnonsmallcelllungcancernsclcrecenttherapiesanddevelopments AT nikeshgupta inhalableformulationstotreatnonsmallcelllungcancernsclcrecenttherapiesanddevelopments |