Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects
Objective: This study aimed to compare differences in cardiorespiratory function between untreated hypertensive subjects (UHS) and healthy subjects (HS) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Additionally, it also aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of different exercise responses in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.01590/full |
| _version_ | 1818243365424070656 |
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| author | Yahui Zhang Zhihao Jiang Lin Qi Lisheng Xu Xingguo Sun Xinmei Chu Yanling Liu Tianjing Zhang Stephen E. Greenwald |
| author_facet | Yahui Zhang Zhihao Jiang Lin Qi Lisheng Xu Xingguo Sun Xinmei Chu Yanling Liu Tianjing Zhang Stephen E. Greenwald |
| author_sort | Yahui Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: This study aimed to compare differences in cardiorespiratory function between untreated hypertensive subjects (UHS) and healthy subjects (HS) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Additionally, it also aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of different exercise responses in cardiorespiratory function before, during and after CPET.Methods: Thirty subjects (15 UHS and 15 HS) were enrolled. Photoplethysmography (PPG), respiratory signal, and ECG were simultaneously collected while subjects were performing CPET. Fiducial points (a, b, c, d, e) were extracted from the second derivative of the PPG (SDPPG), and the ratios b/a, c/a, d/a, e/a, and (b-c-d-e)/a (named Aging Index, AGI) were calculated as markers of systolic and diastolic function. Additionally, respiratory rate was calculated and analyzed.Results:Before CPET, there were no significant differences in b/a, d/a, and AGI between two groups. However, after CPET, b/a (−0.9 ± 0.19 vs. −1.06 ± 0.19, p-value = 0.03) and AGI (−0.49 ± 0.75 vs. −1.15 ± 0.59, p-value = 0.011) of the UHS group were significantly higher than those of the HS. The d/a (−0.32 ± 0.24 vs. −0.14 ± 0.17, p-value = 0.024), and c/a (−0.33 ± 0.26 vs. −0.07 ± 0.19, p-value = 0.004) were significantly lower in UHS than those in HS. In contrast, before CPET, e/a (0.22 ± 0.11 vs. 0.32 ± 0.09, p-value = 0.007) in UHS was significantly lower than that in HS, while after CPET there was no significant difference between the two groups in this variable. In addition, during CPET, AGI (p-value = 0.003), and respiratory rate (p-value = 0.000) in UHS were significantly higher in comparison with before CPET.Conclusions: Different exercise responses showed the differences of cardiorespiratory function between UHS and HS. These differences not only can highlight the CV risk of UHS, but also can predict the appearance of arterial stiffness in UHS. Additionally, during CPET, significant differences in AGI, autonomic nervous function and respiratory activity assessed by respiratory rate were found between the two groups in comparison with before CPET. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T13:59:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-86111670ccc44559bd1dfe90dc5cc8ee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T13:59:58Z |
| publishDate | 2018-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-86111670ccc44559bd1dfe90dc5cc8ee2022-12-22T00:22:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2018-11-01910.3389/fphys.2018.01590418047Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy SubjectsYahui Zhang0Zhihao Jiang1Lin Qi2Lisheng Xu3Xingguo Sun4Xinmei Chu5Yanling Liu6Tianjing Zhang7Stephen E. Greenwald8Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, ChinaSino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, ChinaSino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, ChinaSino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Haidian Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital Haidian Campus, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Rehabilitation Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, ChinaBlizard Institute, Barts, The London School of Medicine, Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United KingdomObjective: This study aimed to compare differences in cardiorespiratory function between untreated hypertensive subjects (UHS) and healthy subjects (HS) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Additionally, it also aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of different exercise responses in cardiorespiratory function before, during and after CPET.Methods: Thirty subjects (15 UHS and 15 HS) were enrolled. Photoplethysmography (PPG), respiratory signal, and ECG were simultaneously collected while subjects were performing CPET. Fiducial points (a, b, c, d, e) were extracted from the second derivative of the PPG (SDPPG), and the ratios b/a, c/a, d/a, e/a, and (b-c-d-e)/a (named Aging Index, AGI) were calculated as markers of systolic and diastolic function. Additionally, respiratory rate was calculated and analyzed.Results:Before CPET, there were no significant differences in b/a, d/a, and AGI between two groups. However, after CPET, b/a (−0.9 ± 0.19 vs. −1.06 ± 0.19, p-value = 0.03) and AGI (−0.49 ± 0.75 vs. −1.15 ± 0.59, p-value = 0.011) of the UHS group were significantly higher than those of the HS. The d/a (−0.32 ± 0.24 vs. −0.14 ± 0.17, p-value = 0.024), and c/a (−0.33 ± 0.26 vs. −0.07 ± 0.19, p-value = 0.004) were significantly lower in UHS than those in HS. In contrast, before CPET, e/a (0.22 ± 0.11 vs. 0.32 ± 0.09, p-value = 0.007) in UHS was significantly lower than that in HS, while after CPET there was no significant difference between the two groups in this variable. In addition, during CPET, AGI (p-value = 0.003), and respiratory rate (p-value = 0.000) in UHS were significantly higher in comparison with before CPET.Conclusions: Different exercise responses showed the differences of cardiorespiratory function between UHS and HS. These differences not only can highlight the CV risk of UHS, but also can predict the appearance of arterial stiffness in UHS. Additionally, during CPET, significant differences in AGI, autonomic nervous function and respiratory activity assessed by respiratory rate were found between the two groups in comparison with before CPET.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.01590/fullSDPPGcardiorespiratory functionuntreated hypertensive subjecthealthy subjectcardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) |
| spellingShingle | Yahui Zhang Zhihao Jiang Lin Qi Lisheng Xu Xingguo Sun Xinmei Chu Yanling Liu Tianjing Zhang Stephen E. Greenwald Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects Frontiers in Physiology SDPPG cardiorespiratory function untreated hypertensive subject healthy subject cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) |
| title | Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects |
| title_full | Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects |
| title_short | Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Function During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Untreated Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects |
| title_sort | evaluation of cardiorespiratory function during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in untreated hypertensive and healthy subjects |
| topic | SDPPG cardiorespiratory function untreated hypertensive subject healthy subject cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.01590/full |
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