Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water
This study addresses the lack of comparative research on algae/cyanobacteria elimination technologies in the existing literature. Our investigation focused on evaluating the performance of three commonly used algae/cyanobacteria removal processes: ultrasound (20.8 kHz), copper sulfate and biotic alg...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/20/3591 |
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| author | Chengcheng Shi Weijian Fang Mengru Ma Wei Xu Jingjing Ye |
| author_facet | Chengcheng Shi Weijian Fang Mengru Ma Wei Xu Jingjing Ye |
| author_sort | Chengcheng Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study addresses the lack of comparative research on algae/cyanobacteria elimination technologies in the existing literature. Our investigation focused on evaluating the performance of three commonly used algae/cyanobacteria removal processes: ultrasound (20.8 kHz), copper sulfate and biotic algicide (<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>). The evaluation considered both algae/cyanobacteria removal efficacy and the consequent changes in extracellular microcystins (MCs). To achieve this, we employed real eutrophic water as the test water. The ultrasound treatment demonstrated effective algae/cyanobacteria removal, with an average rate of algae/cyanobacteria decreasing (RAD) ranging from 0.50 to 0.99 µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> per liter per minute (µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>/L·min). On the other hand, the copper sulfate and biotic algicide treatments exhibited relatively lower rates of algae/cyanobacteria removal, with average RAD values of 0.21 to 0.38 µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> per liter per day (µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>/L·d) and 0.10 to 0.13 µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> per liter per day (µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>/L·d), respectively. Moreover, we observed significant increases in extracellular MCs in the ultrasound and copper sulfate treatments. The corresponding values of the increment of extracellular MCs accompanying removal per microgramme (µg) chlorophyll <i>a</i> (IEMARMC) were 0.34 to 2.43 µg MCs per µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> (µg MCs/µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>) and 18.13 to 185.08 µg MCs per µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> (µg MCs/µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>), respectively. However, in certain conditions where sufficient dosages (0.5 to 2 mg/L) and reaction time (≥8 days) are provided, the biotic algicide treatment could result in a decrease in MCs compared to an untreated control group (IEMARMC: −43.94 to −32.18 µg MCs per µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>). This suggests that the biotic algicide effectively degraded the MCs. In addition, we developed a one-dimensional MC diffusion model in still water based on Newton’s second law, which exhibits excellent simulation capabilities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:48:57Z |
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| id | doaj.art-8647f40ee0f84ebc9ad1c7066eb6c23e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:48:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-8647f40ee0f84ebc9ad1c7066eb6c23e2023-11-19T18:29:55ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-10-011520359110.3390/w15203591Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still WaterChengcheng Shi0Weijian Fang1Mengru Ma2Wei Xu3Jingjing Ye4School of Resources & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Resources & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaThis study addresses the lack of comparative research on algae/cyanobacteria elimination technologies in the existing literature. Our investigation focused on evaluating the performance of three commonly used algae/cyanobacteria removal processes: ultrasound (20.8 kHz), copper sulfate and biotic algicide (<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>). The evaluation considered both algae/cyanobacteria removal efficacy and the consequent changes in extracellular microcystins (MCs). To achieve this, we employed real eutrophic water as the test water. The ultrasound treatment demonstrated effective algae/cyanobacteria removal, with an average rate of algae/cyanobacteria decreasing (RAD) ranging from 0.50 to 0.99 µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> per liter per minute (µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>/L·min). On the other hand, the copper sulfate and biotic algicide treatments exhibited relatively lower rates of algae/cyanobacteria removal, with average RAD values of 0.21 to 0.38 µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> per liter per day (µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>/L·d) and 0.10 to 0.13 µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> per liter per day (µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>/L·d), respectively. Moreover, we observed significant increases in extracellular MCs in the ultrasound and copper sulfate treatments. The corresponding values of the increment of extracellular MCs accompanying removal per microgramme (µg) chlorophyll <i>a</i> (IEMARMC) were 0.34 to 2.43 µg MCs per µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> (µg MCs/µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>) and 18.13 to 185.08 µg MCs per µg chlorophyll <i>a</i> (µg MCs/µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>), respectively. However, in certain conditions where sufficient dosages (0.5 to 2 mg/L) and reaction time (≥8 days) are provided, the biotic algicide treatment could result in a decrease in MCs compared to an untreated control group (IEMARMC: −43.94 to −32.18 µg MCs per µg chlorophyll <i>a</i>). This suggests that the biotic algicide effectively degraded the MCs. In addition, we developed a one-dimensional MC diffusion model in still water based on Newton’s second law, which exhibits excellent simulation capabilities.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/20/3591algae/cyanobacteria bloomsremoval of algae/cyanobacteriachanges in extracellular MCsMC diffusion model |
| spellingShingle | Chengcheng Shi Weijian Fang Mengru Ma Wei Xu Jingjing Ye Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water Water algae/cyanobacteria blooms removal of algae/cyanobacteria changes in extracellular MCs MC diffusion model |
| title | Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water |
| title_full | Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water |
| title_fullStr | Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water |
| title_full_unstemmed | Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water |
| title_short | Changes in Extracellular Microcystins (MCs) Accompanying Algae/Cyanobacteria Removal during Three Representative Algae/Cyanobacteria Inactivation Processes and an MC Diffusion Model in Still Water |
| title_sort | changes in extracellular microcystins mcs accompanying algae cyanobacteria removal during three representative algae cyanobacteria inactivation processes and an mc diffusion model in still water |
| topic | algae/cyanobacteria blooms removal of algae/cyanobacteria changes in extracellular MCs MC diffusion model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/20/3591 |
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