Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds
It is common knowledge that pure alginate hydrogel is more likely to have weak mechanical strength, a lack of cell recognition sites, extensive swelling and uncontrolled degradation, and thus be unable to satisfy the demands of the ideal scaffold. To address these problems, we attempted to fabricate...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Zhengyue Li Xiuqiong Chen Chaoling Bao Chang Liu Chunyang Liu Dongze Li Huiqiong Yan Qiang Lin |
| author_facet | Zhengyue Li Xiuqiong Chen Chaoling Bao Chang Liu Chunyang Liu Dongze Li Huiqiong Yan Qiang Lin |
| author_sort | Zhengyue Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It is common knowledge that pure alginate hydrogel is more likely to have weak mechanical strength, a lack of cell recognition sites, extensive swelling and uncontrolled degradation, and thus be unable to satisfy the demands of the ideal scaffold. To address these problems, we attempted to fabricate alginate/bacterial cellulose nanocrystals-chitosan-gelatin (Alg/BCNs-CS-GT) composite scaffolds using the combined method involving the incorporation of BCNs in the alginate matrix, internal gelation through the hydroxyapatite-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucono-δ-lactone (HAP-GDL) complex, and layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes. Meanwhile, the effect of various contents of BCNs on the scaffold morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and swelling and degradation behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed that the fabricated Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds exhibited regular 3D morphologies and well-developed pore structures. With the increase in BCNs content, the pore size of Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was gradually reduced from 200 μm to 70 μm. Furthermore, BCNs were fully embedded in the alginate matrix through the intermolecular hydrogen bond with alginate. Moreover, the addition of BCNs could effectively control the swelling and biodegradation of the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated that the porous fiber network of BCNs could fully mimic the extracellular matrix structure, which promoted the adhesion and spreading of MG63 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells on the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. In addition, these cells could grow in the 3D-porous structure of composite scaffolds, which exhibited good proliferative viability. Based on the effect of BCNs on the cytocompatibility of composite scaffolds, the optimum BCNs content for the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was 0.2% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). On the basis of good merits, such as regular 3D morphology, well-developed pore structure, controlled swelling and biodegradation behavior, and good cytocompatibility, the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds may exhibit great potential as the ideal scaffold in the bone tissue engineering field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:33:17Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-865b4f89514c498fa9dcb99a8efde8f52023-11-22T08:55:08ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-08-012616500310.3390/molecules26165003Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite ScaffoldsZhengyue Li0Xiuqiong Chen1Chaoling Bao2Chang Liu3Chunyang Liu4Dongze Li5Huiqiong Yan6Qiang Lin7Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaKey Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, ChinaIt is common knowledge that pure alginate hydrogel is more likely to have weak mechanical strength, a lack of cell recognition sites, extensive swelling and uncontrolled degradation, and thus be unable to satisfy the demands of the ideal scaffold. To address these problems, we attempted to fabricate alginate/bacterial cellulose nanocrystals-chitosan-gelatin (Alg/BCNs-CS-GT) composite scaffolds using the combined method involving the incorporation of BCNs in the alginate matrix, internal gelation through the hydroxyapatite-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-glucono-δ-lactone (HAP-GDL) complex, and layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes. Meanwhile, the effect of various contents of BCNs on the scaffold morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and swelling and degradation behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed that the fabricated Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds exhibited regular 3D morphologies and well-developed pore structures. With the increase in BCNs content, the pore size of Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was gradually reduced from 200 μm to 70 μm. Furthermore, BCNs were fully embedded in the alginate matrix through the intermolecular hydrogen bond with alginate. Moreover, the addition of BCNs could effectively control the swelling and biodegradation of the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated that the porous fiber network of BCNs could fully mimic the extracellular matrix structure, which promoted the adhesion and spreading of MG63 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells on the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. In addition, these cells could grow in the 3D-porous structure of composite scaffolds, which exhibited good proliferative viability. Based on the effect of BCNs on the cytocompatibility of composite scaffolds, the optimum BCNs content for the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was 0.2% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). On the basis of good merits, such as regular 3D morphology, well-developed pore structure, controlled swelling and biodegradation behavior, and good cytocompatibility, the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds may exhibit great potential as the ideal scaffold in the bone tissue engineering field.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/16/5003alginatebacterial cellulose nanocrystalsinternal gelationlayer-by-layer electrostatic assemblycomposite scaffoldsbone tissue engineering |
| spellingShingle | Zhengyue Li Xiuqiong Chen Chaoling Bao Chang Liu Chunyang Liu Dongze Li Huiqiong Yan Qiang Lin Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds Molecules alginate bacterial cellulose nanocrystals internal gelation layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly composite scaffolds bone tissue engineering |
| title | Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds |
| title_full | Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds |
| title_fullStr | Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds |
| title_short | Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals–Chitosan–Gelatin Composite Scaffolds |
| title_sort | fabrication and evaluation of alginate bacterial cellulose nanocrystals chitosan gelatin composite scaffolds |
| topic | alginate bacterial cellulose nanocrystals internal gelation layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly composite scaffolds bone tissue engineering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/16/5003 |
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