Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know?
Loss of muscle mass is an extremely frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The etiology of muscle loss in CKD is multifactorial and may depend on kidney disease itself, dialysis, the typical chronic low-grade inflammation present in patients with chronic kidney disease,...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/14/3107 |
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| author | Giulia Massini Lara Caldiroli Paolo Molinari Francesca Maria Ida Carminati Giuseppe Castellano Simone Vettoretti |
| author_facet | Giulia Massini Lara Caldiroli Paolo Molinari Francesca Maria Ida Carminati Giuseppe Castellano Simone Vettoretti |
| author_sort | Giulia Massini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Loss of muscle mass is an extremely frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The etiology of muscle loss in CKD is multifactorial and may depend on kidney disease itself, dialysis, the typical chronic low-grade inflammation present in patients with chronic kidney disease, but also metabolic acidosis, insulin resistance, vitamin D deficiency, hormonal imbalances, amino acid loss during dialysis, and reduced dietary intake. All these conditions together increase protein degradation, decrease protein synthesis, and lead to negative protein balance. Aging further exacerbates sarcopenia in CKD patients. Nutritional therapy, such as protein restriction, aims to manage uremic toxins and slow down the progression of CKD. Low-protein diets (LPDs) and very low-protein diets (VLPDs) supplemented with amino acids or ketoacids are commonly prescribed. Energy intake is crucial, with a higher intake associated with maintaining a neutral or positive nitrogen balance. Adequate nutritional and dietary support are fundamental in preventing nutritional inadequacies and, consequently, muscle wasting, which can occur in CKD patients. This review explores the causes of muscle loss in CKD and how it can be influenced by nutritional strategies aimed at improving muscle mass and muscle strength. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8683b19b9371410ea81413226d530235 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-8683b19b9371410ea81413226d5302352023-11-18T20:47:15ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-07-011514310710.3390/nu15143107Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know?Giulia Massini0Lara Caldiroli1Paolo Molinari2Francesca Maria Ida Carminati3Giuseppe Castellano4Simone Vettoretti5Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, ItalyLoss of muscle mass is an extremely frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The etiology of muscle loss in CKD is multifactorial and may depend on kidney disease itself, dialysis, the typical chronic low-grade inflammation present in patients with chronic kidney disease, but also metabolic acidosis, insulin resistance, vitamin D deficiency, hormonal imbalances, amino acid loss during dialysis, and reduced dietary intake. All these conditions together increase protein degradation, decrease protein synthesis, and lead to negative protein balance. Aging further exacerbates sarcopenia in CKD patients. Nutritional therapy, such as protein restriction, aims to manage uremic toxins and slow down the progression of CKD. Low-protein diets (LPDs) and very low-protein diets (VLPDs) supplemented with amino acids or ketoacids are commonly prescribed. Energy intake is crucial, with a higher intake associated with maintaining a neutral or positive nitrogen balance. Adequate nutritional and dietary support are fundamental in preventing nutritional inadequacies and, consequently, muscle wasting, which can occur in CKD patients. This review explores the causes of muscle loss in CKD and how it can be influenced by nutritional strategies aimed at improving muscle mass and muscle strength.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/14/3107chronic kidney diseasesarcopeniamalnutritionmuscle lossdietprotein intake |
| spellingShingle | Giulia Massini Lara Caldiroli Paolo Molinari Francesca Maria Ida Carminati Giuseppe Castellano Simone Vettoretti Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know? Nutrients chronic kidney disease sarcopenia malnutrition muscle loss diet protein intake |
| title | Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know? |
| title_full | Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know? |
| title_fullStr | Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know? |
| title_short | Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know? |
| title_sort | nutritional strategies to prevent muscle loss and sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease what do we currently know |
| topic | chronic kidney disease sarcopenia malnutrition muscle loss diet protein intake |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/14/3107 |
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