Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes
Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM<sub>2.5</sub>-treated human kerati...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/8/1516 |
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| author | Kyoung Ah Kang Mei Jing Piao Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath Joo Mi Yi Jin Won Hyun |
| author_facet | Kyoung Ah Kang Mei Jing Piao Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath Joo Mi Yi Jin Won Hyun |
| author_sort | Kyoung Ah Kang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM<sub>2.5</sub>-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM<sub>2.5</sub> showed a higher level of p16<sup>INK4A</sup> expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM<sub>2.5</sub>, resulting in the decreased methylation of the <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i> promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i> promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16<sup>INK4A</sup>. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i>. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:10:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-86a02e6d103944f99ca479f53c69e4882023-11-19T00:01:01ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-07-01128151610.3390/antiox12081516Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin KeratinocytesKyoung Ah Kang0Mei Jing Piao1Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando2Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath3Joo Mi Yi4Jin Won Hyun5Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of KoreaSkin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM<sub>2.5</sub>-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM<sub>2.5</sub> showed a higher level of p16<sup>INK4A</sup> expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM<sub>2.5</sub>, resulting in the decreased methylation of the <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i> promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i> promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16<sup>INK4A</sup>. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/8/1516fine particulate matterskin cellular senescenceKorean red ginsengepigenetic alteration |
| spellingShingle | Kyoung Ah Kang Mei Jing Piao Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath Joo Mi Yi Jin Won Hyun Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes Antioxidants fine particulate matter skin cellular senescence Korean red ginseng epigenetic alteration |
| title | Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes |
| title_full | Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes |
| title_fullStr | Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes |
| title_short | Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes |
| title_sort | korean red ginseng attenuates particulate matter induced senescence of skin keratinocytes |
| topic | fine particulate matter skin cellular senescence Korean red ginseng epigenetic alteration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/8/1516 |
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