Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area
A measurement campaign was undertaken April–October 2021 using PM<sub>10</sub> filter samplers to collect 24 h samples downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (ODSVRA), an area that allows off-highway driving on its coastal dunes. The PM<sub>10</sub> samp...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/718 |
| _version_ | 1797606435903766528 |
|---|---|
| author | Xiaoliang Wang John A. Gillies Steven Kohl Eden Furtak-Cole Karl A. Tupper David A. Cardiel |
| author_facet | Xiaoliang Wang John A. Gillies Steven Kohl Eden Furtak-Cole Karl A. Tupper David A. Cardiel |
| author_sort | Xiaoliang Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A measurement campaign was undertaken April–October 2021 using PM<sub>10</sub> filter samplers to collect 24 h samples downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (ODSVRA), an area that allows off-highway driving on its coastal dunes. The PM<sub>10</sub> samples were analyzed and these data were used to identify the sources that contributed to the PM<sub>10</sub> under varying meteorological conditions. Exposed filters were weighed to calculate mass concentration and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to quantify elemental composition, ion chromatography to quantify water-soluble ions, and thermal/optical reflectance to quantify organic carbon and elemental carbon in the particulate matter. These speciated data were used to attribute the sources of PM<sub>10</sub> for eight days that exceeded the California state 24 h mean PM<sub>10</sub> standard and 39 days that were below the standard. The mean attribution of sources for the eight identified exceedance days was mineral dust (43.1%), followed by sea salt (25.0%) and the unidentified category (20.4%). The simultaneous increase in the mineral dust and unidentified categories with increasing levels of PM<sub>10</sub> arriving from the direction of the ODSVRA suggests that the unidentified components were unmeasured oxides of minerals and carbonate. This increases the attribution of mineral dust for a mean exceedance day to 63.5%. The source of the mineral dust component of the PM<sub>10</sub> is attributable to wind-driven saltation and dust emission processes within the ODSVRA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:15:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-86ac9c49147b40eaad55361b1ab41090 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:15:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-86ac9c49147b40eaad55361b1ab410902023-11-17T18:17:47ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-04-0114471810.3390/atmos14040718Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation AreaXiaoliang Wang0John A. Gillies1Steven Kohl2Eden Furtak-Cole3Karl A. Tupper4David A. Cardiel5Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USADivision of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USADivision of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USADivision of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USASan Luis Obispo County Air Pollution Control District, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USASan Luis Obispo County Air Pollution Control District, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USAA measurement campaign was undertaken April–October 2021 using PM<sub>10</sub> filter samplers to collect 24 h samples downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (ODSVRA), an area that allows off-highway driving on its coastal dunes. The PM<sub>10</sub> samples were analyzed and these data were used to identify the sources that contributed to the PM<sub>10</sub> under varying meteorological conditions. Exposed filters were weighed to calculate mass concentration and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to quantify elemental composition, ion chromatography to quantify water-soluble ions, and thermal/optical reflectance to quantify organic carbon and elemental carbon in the particulate matter. These speciated data were used to attribute the sources of PM<sub>10</sub> for eight days that exceeded the California state 24 h mean PM<sub>10</sub> standard and 39 days that were below the standard. The mean attribution of sources for the eight identified exceedance days was mineral dust (43.1%), followed by sea salt (25.0%) and the unidentified category (20.4%). The simultaneous increase in the mineral dust and unidentified categories with increasing levels of PM<sub>10</sub> arriving from the direction of the ODSVRA suggests that the unidentified components were unmeasured oxides of minerals and carbonate. This increases the attribution of mineral dust for a mean exceedance day to 63.5%. The source of the mineral dust component of the PM<sub>10</sub> is attributable to wind-driven saltation and dust emission processes within the ODSVRA.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/718source attributiondust emissionsoff-highway vehicle activitydust abatement |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoliang Wang John A. Gillies Steven Kohl Eden Furtak-Cole Karl A. Tupper David A. Cardiel Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area Atmosphere source attribution dust emissions off-highway vehicle activity dust abatement |
| title | Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area |
| title_full | Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area |
| title_short | Quantifying the Source Attribution of PM<sub>10</sub> Measured Downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area |
| title_sort | quantifying the source attribution of pm sub 10 sub measured downwind of the oceano dunes state vehicular recreation area |
| topic | source attribution dust emissions off-highway vehicle activity dust abatement |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/718 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xiaoliangwang quantifyingthesourceattributionofpmsub10submeasureddownwindoftheoceanodunesstatevehicularrecreationarea AT johnagillies quantifyingthesourceattributionofpmsub10submeasureddownwindoftheoceanodunesstatevehicularrecreationarea AT stevenkohl quantifyingthesourceattributionofpmsub10submeasureddownwindoftheoceanodunesstatevehicularrecreationarea AT edenfurtakcole quantifyingthesourceattributionofpmsub10submeasureddownwindoftheoceanodunesstatevehicularrecreationarea AT karlatupper quantifyingthesourceattributionofpmsub10submeasureddownwindoftheoceanodunesstatevehicularrecreationarea AT davidacardiel quantifyingthesourceattributionofpmsub10submeasureddownwindoftheoceanodunesstatevehicularrecreationarea |