Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake
Physicochemical parameters determining Dal Lake water quality were evaluated at four different sites during 2016–2017 in four different seasons Spring (April), Summer (July), Autumn (October), and Winter (January). The observed physicochemical values were analyzed by statistical (discriminant analys...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/9/2365 |
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| author | Tawseef Ahmad Gaganjot Gupta Anshula Sharma Baljinder Kaur Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli Parvaiz Ahmad |
| author_facet | Tawseef Ahmad Gaganjot Gupta Anshula Sharma Baljinder Kaur Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli Parvaiz Ahmad |
| author_sort | Tawseef Ahmad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Physicochemical parameters determining Dal Lake water quality were evaluated at four different sites during 2016–2017 in four different seasons Spring (April), Summer (July), Autumn (October), and Winter (January). The observed physicochemical values were analyzed by statistical (discriminant analysis) and arithmetic (WQI) methods to ascertain sources and levels of pollution. Discriminant analysis helped to access the contribution of each physicochemical parameter in water quality in the context of sampling sites (spatial) and seasons (temporal) to discriminate pollution loading between sites and as well as seasons. Factors such as temperature, alkalinity, ammoniacal nitrogen, total phosphorous, and orthophosphorous exhibited a strong contribution in the discrimination of sampling sites, while factors such as temperature, alkalinity, hardness, BOD, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorous exhibited a strong contribution in the discrimination of sampling seasons. The WQI values for four sampling sites were calculated and indicated that the water at Site I was the most contaminated followed by Site IV, while Site III was the least contaminated. Thus, highlighting that the pressure of anthropogenic activities is subjecting Dal Lake to an unnatural death. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:55:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-86b30e871c27466a85965ebbade5632b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:55:56Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-86b30e871c27466a85965ebbade5632b2023-11-20T11:07:53ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-08-01129236510.3390/w12092365Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water LakeTawseef Ahmad0Gaganjot Gupta1Anshula Sharma2Baljinder Kaur3Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli4Parvaiz Ahmad5Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala 147002, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala 147002, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala 147002, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala 147002, IndiaBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaPhysicochemical parameters determining Dal Lake water quality were evaluated at four different sites during 2016–2017 in four different seasons Spring (April), Summer (July), Autumn (October), and Winter (January). The observed physicochemical values were analyzed by statistical (discriminant analysis) and arithmetic (WQI) methods to ascertain sources and levels of pollution. Discriminant analysis helped to access the contribution of each physicochemical parameter in water quality in the context of sampling sites (spatial) and seasons (temporal) to discriminate pollution loading between sites and as well as seasons. Factors such as temperature, alkalinity, ammoniacal nitrogen, total phosphorous, and orthophosphorous exhibited a strong contribution in the discrimination of sampling sites, while factors such as temperature, alkalinity, hardness, BOD, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorous exhibited a strong contribution in the discrimination of sampling seasons. The WQI values for four sampling sites were calculated and indicated that the water at Site I was the most contaminated followed by Site IV, while Site III was the least contaminated. Thus, highlighting that the pressure of anthropogenic activities is subjecting Dal Lake to an unnatural death.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/9/2365physicochemical parametersDal Lakediscriminant analysiswater quality indexseasonssites |
| spellingShingle | Tawseef Ahmad Gaganjot Gupta Anshula Sharma Baljinder Kaur Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli Parvaiz Ahmad Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake Water physicochemical parameters Dal Lake discriminant analysis water quality index seasons sites |
| title | Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake |
| title_full | Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake |
| title_fullStr | Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake |
| title_short | Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake |
| title_sort | multivariate statistical approach to study spatiotemporal variations in water quality of ahimalayan urban fresh water lake |
| topic | physicochemical parameters Dal Lake discriminant analysis water quality index seasons sites |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/9/2365 |
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