Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42)
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegeneration with protein deposits, altered proteolysis, and inflammatory and oxidative processes as major hallmarks. Despite the continuous search for potential therapeutic treatments, no cure is available to date. The use of natural molecules as adjuvants in the treat...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/3/310 |
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| author | Ziqi Liu Valentina Cecarini Massimiliano Cuccioloni Laura Bonfili Chunmei Gong Mauro Angeletti Anna Maria Eleuteri |
| author_facet | Ziqi Liu Valentina Cecarini Massimiliano Cuccioloni Laura Bonfili Chunmei Gong Mauro Angeletti Anna Maria Eleuteri |
| author_sort | Ziqi Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegeneration with protein deposits, altered proteolysis, and inflammatory and oxidative processes as major hallmarks. Despite the continuous search for potential therapeutic treatments, no cure is available to date. The use of natural molecules as adjuvants in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease is a very promising strategy. In this regard, ginsenosides from ginseng root show a variety of biological effects. Here, we dissected the role of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 in modulating autophagy and oxidative stress in neuroblastoma cells overexpressing Aβ(1-42). Key hallmarks of these cellular processes were detected through immunomethods and fluorometric assays. Our findings indicate that ginsenosides are able to upregulate autophagy in neuronal cells as demonstrated by increased levels of LC3II and Beclin-1 proteins and decreased amounts of p62. Simultaneously, an activation of lysosomal hydrolases was observed. Furthermore, autophagy activation promoted the clearance of Aβ(1-42). Rg1 and Rg2 also reduced oxidative stress sources and macromolecule oxidation, promoting NRF2 nuclear translocation and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Our data further clarify the mechanisms of action of Rg1 and Rg2, indicating new insights into their role in the management of disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:36:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-86cbcbcdede44bcb86904ad2b5df437c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:36:49Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-86cbcbcdede44bcb86904ad2b5df437c2024-03-27T13:18:32ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212024-03-0113331010.3390/antiox13030310Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42)Ziqi Liu0Valentina Cecarini1Massimiliano Cuccioloni2Laura Bonfili3Chunmei Gong4Mauro Angeletti5Anna Maria Eleuteri6School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalySchool of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalySchool of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalySchool of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalySchool of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalySchool of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalySchool of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, ItalyAlzheimer’s disease is a neurodegeneration with protein deposits, altered proteolysis, and inflammatory and oxidative processes as major hallmarks. Despite the continuous search for potential therapeutic treatments, no cure is available to date. The use of natural molecules as adjuvants in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease is a very promising strategy. In this regard, ginsenosides from ginseng root show a variety of biological effects. Here, we dissected the role of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 in modulating autophagy and oxidative stress in neuroblastoma cells overexpressing Aβ(1-42). Key hallmarks of these cellular processes were detected through immunomethods and fluorometric assays. Our findings indicate that ginsenosides are able to upregulate autophagy in neuronal cells as demonstrated by increased levels of LC3II and Beclin-1 proteins and decreased amounts of p62. Simultaneously, an activation of lysosomal hydrolases was observed. Furthermore, autophagy activation promoted the clearance of Aβ(1-42). Rg1 and Rg2 also reduced oxidative stress sources and macromolecule oxidation, promoting NRF2 nuclear translocation and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Our data further clarify the mechanisms of action of Rg1 and Rg2, indicating new insights into their role in the management of disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/3/310ginsenoside Rg1ginsenoside Rg2Alzheimer’s diseaseautophagyoxidative stress |
| spellingShingle | Ziqi Liu Valentina Cecarini Massimiliano Cuccioloni Laura Bonfili Chunmei Gong Mauro Angeletti Anna Maria Eleuteri Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42) Antioxidants ginsenoside Rg1 ginsenoside Rg2 Alzheimer’s disease autophagy oxidative stress |
| title | Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42) |
| title_full | Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42) |
| title_fullStr | Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42) |
| title_short | Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 Activate Autophagy and Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuroblastoma Cells Overexpressing Aβ(1-42) |
| title_sort | ginsenosides rg1 and rg2 activate autophagy and attenuate oxidative stress in neuroblastoma cells overexpressing aβ 1 42 |
| topic | ginsenoside Rg1 ginsenoside Rg2 Alzheimer’s disease autophagy oxidative stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/3/310 |
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