The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System
Bacteria and their predators, bacteriophages, or phages are continuously engaged in an arms race for their survival using various defense strategies. Several studies indicated that the bacterial immune arsenal towards phage is quite diverse and uses different components of the host machinery. Most s...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/381 |
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| author | Addisu D. Teklemariam Rashad R. Al-Hindi Ishtiaq Qadri Mona G. Alharbi Wafaa S. Ramadan Jumaa Ayubu Ahmed M. Al-Hejin Raghad F. Hakim Fanar F. Hakim Rahad F. Hakim Loojen I. Alseraihi Turki Alamri Steve Harakeh |
| author_facet | Addisu D. Teklemariam Rashad R. Al-Hindi Ishtiaq Qadri Mona G. Alharbi Wafaa S. Ramadan Jumaa Ayubu Ahmed M. Al-Hejin Raghad F. Hakim Fanar F. Hakim Rahad F. Hakim Loojen I. Alseraihi Turki Alamri Steve Harakeh |
| author_sort | Addisu D. Teklemariam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bacteria and their predators, bacteriophages, or phages are continuously engaged in an arms race for their survival using various defense strategies. Several studies indicated that the bacterial immune arsenal towards phage is quite diverse and uses different components of the host machinery. Most studied antiphage systems are associated with phages, whose genomic matter is double-stranded-DNA. These defense mechanisms are mainly related to either the host or phage-derived proteins and other associated structures and biomolecules. Some of these strategies include DNA restriction-modification (R-M), spontaneous mutations, blocking of phage receptors, production of competitive inhibitors and extracellular matrix which prevent the entry of phage DNA into the host cytoplasm, assembly interference, abortive infection, toxin–antitoxin systems, bacterial retrons, and secondary metabolite-based replication interference. On the contrary, phages develop anti-phage resistance defense mechanisms in consortium with each of these bacterial phage resistance strategies with small fitness cost. These mechanisms allow phages to undergo their replication safely inside their bacterial host’s cytoplasm and be able to produce viable, competent, and immunologically endured progeny virions for the next generation. In this review, we highlight the major bacterial defense systems developed against their predators and some of the phage counterstrategies and suggest potential research directions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:15:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-86eb49e32a284fe5ad70e11d51a7b599 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:15:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-86eb49e32a284fe5ad70e11d51a7b5992023-11-16T18:44:14ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-02-0112238110.3390/antibiotics12020381The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune SystemAddisu D. Teklemariam0Rashad R. Al-Hindi1Ishtiaq Qadri2Mona G. Alharbi3Wafaa S. Ramadan4Jumaa Ayubu5Ahmed M. Al-Hejin6Raghad F. Hakim7Fanar F. Hakim8Rahad F. Hakim9Loojen I. Alseraihi10Turki Alamri11Steve Harakeh12Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine (FM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaMinistry of Health, Jeddah 11176, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaIbn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21418, Saudi ArabiaIbn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21418, Saudi ArabiaFamily and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaKing Fahd Medical Research Center, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaBacteria and their predators, bacteriophages, or phages are continuously engaged in an arms race for their survival using various defense strategies. Several studies indicated that the bacterial immune arsenal towards phage is quite diverse and uses different components of the host machinery. Most studied antiphage systems are associated with phages, whose genomic matter is double-stranded-DNA. These defense mechanisms are mainly related to either the host or phage-derived proteins and other associated structures and biomolecules. Some of these strategies include DNA restriction-modification (R-M), spontaneous mutations, blocking of phage receptors, production of competitive inhibitors and extracellular matrix which prevent the entry of phage DNA into the host cytoplasm, assembly interference, abortive infection, toxin–antitoxin systems, bacterial retrons, and secondary metabolite-based replication interference. On the contrary, phages develop anti-phage resistance defense mechanisms in consortium with each of these bacterial phage resistance strategies with small fitness cost. These mechanisms allow phages to undergo their replication safely inside their bacterial host’s cytoplasm and be able to produce viable, competent, and immunologically endured progeny virions for the next generation. In this review, we highlight the major bacterial defense systems developed against their predators and some of the phage counterstrategies and suggest potential research directions.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/381bacteriophagephage resistancephage counterstrategiesprophagephage therapy |
| spellingShingle | Addisu D. Teklemariam Rashad R. Al-Hindi Ishtiaq Qadri Mona G. Alharbi Wafaa S. Ramadan Jumaa Ayubu Ahmed M. Al-Hejin Raghad F. Hakim Fanar F. Hakim Rahad F. Hakim Loojen I. Alseraihi Turki Alamri Steve Harakeh The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System Antibiotics bacteriophage phage resistance phage counterstrategies prophage phage therapy |
| title | The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System |
| title_full | The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System |
| title_fullStr | The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System |
| title_short | The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System |
| title_sort | battle between bacteria and bacteriophages a conundrum to their immune system |
| topic | bacteriophage phage resistance phage counterstrategies prophage phage therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/2/381 |
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