Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation
The investigation of atmospheric microplastic pollution is a rising topic within microplastic research. However, sampling strategies concerning atmospheric microplastics are not standardized yet and strongly depend on the scientific objectives investigated. A few research groups are currently focuse...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Green Analytical Chemistry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772577423000290 |
| _version_ | 1797347019172347904 |
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| author | Mike Wenzel Justus Schoettl Laura Pruin Björn Fischer Carmen Wolf Christine Kube Gerrit Renner Jürgen Schram Torsten C. Schmidt Jochen Tuerk |
| author_facet | Mike Wenzel Justus Schoettl Laura Pruin Björn Fischer Carmen Wolf Christine Kube Gerrit Renner Jürgen Schram Torsten C. Schmidt Jochen Tuerk |
| author_sort | Mike Wenzel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The investigation of atmospheric microplastic pollution is a rising topic within microplastic research. However, sampling strategies concerning atmospheric microplastics are not standardized yet and strongly depend on the scientific objectives investigated. A few research groups are currently focused on determining atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss, as it can be a biomonitoring system for other atmospheric pollutants such as heavy metals, nitrogen, and persistent organic components. In this context, and for atmospheric microplastics in general, almost all examinations focus on determining microplastic numbers and shapes, while polymer masses are barely investigated. However, particle- and mass-based information are needed to assess the fate of atmospherically transported microplastics in the environment. For this purpose, this study shows the development and evaluation of a new sample preparation method for determining microplastics in moss for both analytical approaches using thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) and Raman microspectroscopy (µRaman). Further, this newly developed microplastics/moss separation method (µPEEL) was compared to oxidative digestion using Fenton's reagent, usually used as a sample preparation method for organic-rich samples and moss. The method comparison was performed concerning green analytical chemistry (GAC) and its respective method functionality. The greenness was assessed using the software tool AGREEprep, which covers ten comprehensive aspects of GAC. Both methods’ functionality was assessed regarding observable matrix interferences and the data quality achieved. It is demonstrated that µPEEL benefits GAC and method functionality since harmful chemicals can be avoided, matrix interferences can be minimized, and the separation quality is increased. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:41:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-86f7189e8bb34d04add48fc8f1c7d7a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2772-5774 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:41:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Green Analytical Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj.art-86f7189e8bb34d04add48fc8f1c7d7a62024-01-25T05:24:21ZengElsevierGreen Analytical Chemistry2772-57742023-12-017100078Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluationMike Wenzel0Justus Schoettl1Laura Pruin2Björn Fischer3Carmen Wolf4Christine Kube5Gerrit Renner6Jürgen Schram7Torsten C. Schmidt8Jochen Tuerk9Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry (IAC), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyInstitut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental and Environmental Analytics, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, GermanyInstitut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, GermanyFISCHER GmbH, Raman Spectroscopic Services, Necklenbroicher Str. 22, Meerbusch 40667, GermanyInstitut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, GermanyInstitut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, GermanyInstrumental Analytical Chemistry (IAC), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyInstrumental and Environmental Analytics, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, GermanyInstrumental Analytical Chemistry (IAC), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyInstitut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Corresponding author at: Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, Essen 45141, Germany.The investigation of atmospheric microplastic pollution is a rising topic within microplastic research. However, sampling strategies concerning atmospheric microplastics are not standardized yet and strongly depend on the scientific objectives investigated. A few research groups are currently focused on determining atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss, as it can be a biomonitoring system for other atmospheric pollutants such as heavy metals, nitrogen, and persistent organic components. In this context, and for atmospheric microplastics in general, almost all examinations focus on determining microplastic numbers and shapes, while polymer masses are barely investigated. However, particle- and mass-based information are needed to assess the fate of atmospherically transported microplastics in the environment. For this purpose, this study shows the development and evaluation of a new sample preparation method for determining microplastics in moss for both analytical approaches using thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) and Raman microspectroscopy (µRaman). Further, this newly developed microplastics/moss separation method (µPEEL) was compared to oxidative digestion using Fenton's reagent, usually used as a sample preparation method for organic-rich samples and moss. The method comparison was performed concerning green analytical chemistry (GAC) and its respective method functionality. The greenness was assessed using the software tool AGREEprep, which covers ten comprehensive aspects of GAC. Both methods’ functionality was assessed regarding observable matrix interferences and the data quality achieved. It is demonstrated that µPEEL benefits GAC and method functionality since harmful chemicals can be avoided, matrix interferences can be minimized, and the separation quality is increased.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772577423000290MicroplasticMossAtmospheric depositionSample preparationMatrix interferencesTED-GC-MS |
| spellingShingle | Mike Wenzel Justus Schoettl Laura Pruin Björn Fischer Carmen Wolf Christine Kube Gerrit Renner Jürgen Schram Torsten C. Schmidt Jochen Tuerk Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation Green Analytical Chemistry Microplastic Moss Atmospheric deposition Sample preparation Matrix interferences TED-GC-MS |
| title | Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation |
| title_full | Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation |
| title_short | Determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss: Method development and performance evaluation |
| title_sort | determination of atmospherically deposited microplastics in moss method development and performance evaluation |
| topic | Microplastic Moss Atmospheric deposition Sample preparation Matrix interferences TED-GC-MS |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772577423000290 |
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