Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants
Amplified concentrations of lead (Pb) in cultivable soils, being a major environmental concern, bring about malicious consequences for plant and human health. <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> (fenugreek) is a multipurpose herb used as a spice, tonic, leafy vegetable, and therapeutic agen...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| author | Dhriti Sharma Savita Bhardwaj Ali Raza Rattandeep Singh Dhriti Kapoor Neeta Raj Sharma P. V. Vara Prasad |
| author_facet | Dhriti Sharma Savita Bhardwaj Ali Raza Rattandeep Singh Dhriti Kapoor Neeta Raj Sharma P. V. Vara Prasad |
| author_sort | Dhriti Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Amplified concentrations of lead (Pb) in cultivable soils, being a major environmental concern, bring about malicious consequences for plant and human health. <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> (fenugreek) is a multipurpose herb used as a spice, tonic, leafy vegetable, and therapeutic agent. Earlier works have revealed the inhibitory effects of Pb toxicity in <i>Trigonella,</i> affecting its growth and productivity. Therefore, the current experimental work was planned with the purpose of evaluating the effects of exogenously supplemented silicon (Si; 2 mM) and 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL; 10<sup>−7</sup> M) (in both individual and combined form) on growth attributes, osmolytes, metabolite measures, and antioxidant defense mechanisms of <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> plants in response to three discrete concentrations of Pb stress (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mM). The results revealed that Pb stress affected morphological parameters of fenugreek plants via the genesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as indicated by higher measures of oxidative damage indicators like malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Spraying foliage with Si together with a pretreatment of 24-EBL alone as well as in a combined form yielded better outcomes in terms of growth parameters in the Pb-stressed plants. Pb toxicity decreased osmolytes, proteins, and metabolites. Components of the antioxidative defense system, i.e., enzymes [ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), together with non-enzymes [ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), were downregulated when subjected to Pb toxicity. Out of all, Pb III (0.9 mM) had a more adverse impact on various parameters in fenugreek compared to Pb I (0.5 mM) and Pb II (0.7 mM). However, external supplementation with Si and 24-EBL (individually and in combination) ameliorated the Pb-mediated oxidative stress in fenugreek plants by improving the content of different osmolytes and metabolites while upregulating the functioning of the antioxidative defense system. Downregulation in the expression of <i>SOD</i> and <i>CAT</i> genes was found in Pb-stressed plants, while their expression was upregulated by Si and 24-EBL both individually and in combination. The experimental study revealed that the combined application of Si and 24-EBL was significantly better at abating the Pb metal stress in fenugreek plants when compared with their individual applications. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-870388d1261f46518ac23cf1d8b535212023-11-18T17:57:41ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-07-01137188410.3390/agronomy13071884Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) PlantsDhriti Sharma0Savita Bhardwaj1Ali Raza2Rattandeep Singh3Dhriti Kapoor4Neeta Raj Sharma5P. V. Vara Prasad6Department of Botany, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, IndiaDepartment of Botany, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, IndiaCollege of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, IndiaSchool of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, IndiaSchool of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAAmplified concentrations of lead (Pb) in cultivable soils, being a major environmental concern, bring about malicious consequences for plant and human health. <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> (fenugreek) is a multipurpose herb used as a spice, tonic, leafy vegetable, and therapeutic agent. Earlier works have revealed the inhibitory effects of Pb toxicity in <i>Trigonella,</i> affecting its growth and productivity. Therefore, the current experimental work was planned with the purpose of evaluating the effects of exogenously supplemented silicon (Si; 2 mM) and 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL; 10<sup>−7</sup> M) (in both individual and combined form) on growth attributes, osmolytes, metabolite measures, and antioxidant defense mechanisms of <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> plants in response to three discrete concentrations of Pb stress (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mM). The results revealed that Pb stress affected morphological parameters of fenugreek plants via the genesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as indicated by higher measures of oxidative damage indicators like malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Spraying foliage with Si together with a pretreatment of 24-EBL alone as well as in a combined form yielded better outcomes in terms of growth parameters in the Pb-stressed plants. Pb toxicity decreased osmolytes, proteins, and metabolites. Components of the antioxidative defense system, i.e., enzymes [ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), together with non-enzymes [ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), were downregulated when subjected to Pb toxicity. Out of all, Pb III (0.9 mM) had a more adverse impact on various parameters in fenugreek compared to Pb I (0.5 mM) and Pb II (0.7 mM). However, external supplementation with Si and 24-EBL (individually and in combination) ameliorated the Pb-mediated oxidative stress in fenugreek plants by improving the content of different osmolytes and metabolites while upregulating the functioning of the antioxidative defense system. Downregulation in the expression of <i>SOD</i> and <i>CAT</i> genes was found in Pb-stressed plants, while their expression was upregulated by Si and 24-EBL both individually and in combination. The experimental study revealed that the combined application of Si and 24-EBL was significantly better at abating the Pb metal stress in fenugreek plants when compared with their individual applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/7/1884abiotic stressfood securityheavy metal toxicityoxidative damagestress physiologyplant growth regulators |
| spellingShingle | Dhriti Sharma Savita Bhardwaj Ali Raza Rattandeep Singh Dhriti Kapoor Neeta Raj Sharma P. V. Vara Prasad Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants Agronomy abiotic stress food security heavy metal toxicity oxidative damage stress physiology plant growth regulators |
| title | Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants |
| title_full | Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants |
| title_fullStr | Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants |
| title_short | Alleviatory Effects of Silicon and 24-Epibrassinolide in Modulation of Growth, Osmolytes, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System, and Gene Expression in Lead-Exposed Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> L.) Plants |
| title_sort | alleviatory effects of silicon and 24 epibrassinolide in modulation of growth osmolytes metabolites antioxidant defense system and gene expression in lead exposed fenugreek i trigonella foenum graecum i l plants |
| topic | abiotic stress food security heavy metal toxicity oxidative damage stress physiology plant growth regulators |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/7/1884 |
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