Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets
Infant formulas offer an alternative to breast milk for both normal birth weight (NBW) and immunocompromised intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants. Although the lipid fraction in formulas is often derived from vegetable oils, it is unclear if this alters immunological outcomes relative to mi...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/10/3310 |
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| author | Ole Bæk Karina Skadborg Tik Muk Charlotte Amdi Peter M. H. Heegaard Thomas Thymann Duc Ninh Nguyen |
| author_facet | Ole Bæk Karina Skadborg Tik Muk Charlotte Amdi Peter M. H. Heegaard Thomas Thymann Duc Ninh Nguyen |
| author_sort | Ole Bæk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Infant formulas offer an alternative to breast milk for both normal birth weight (NBW) and immunocompromised intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants. Although the lipid fraction in formulas is often derived from vegetable oils, it is unclear if this alters immunological outcomes relative to milk fats or whether these effects differ between IUGR and NBW infants. We hypothesized that replacing vegetable oil with bovine milk fat in infant formula would improve immune development in IUGR and NBW neonates. Two-day old piglets were selected (NBW, <i>n</i> = 18, IUGR, <i>n</i> = 18) and each group of animals were fed formula based on either vegetable oil (VEG) or bovine milk fat (MILK). Animals were reared until day 23/24 and systemic immune parameters were evaluated. Milk-fat feeding decreased blood neutrophil counts and improved neutrophil function while transiently reducing leucocytes’ expression of genes related to adaptive and innate immunity as well as energy metabolism, following in vitro stimulation by live <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (whole blood, 2 h). However, there were only a few interactions between milk-fat type and birthweight status. Thus, piglets fed milk-fat-based formula had improved neutrophil maturation and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses, compared to those fed vegetable-oil-based formula. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:19:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8706f4e8e7c2419aac09629e4be43d05 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:19:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-8706f4e8e7c2419aac09629e4be43d052023-11-22T19:26:35ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-09-011310331010.3390/nu13103310Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal PigletsOle Bæk0Karina Skadborg1Tik Muk2Charlotte Amdi3Peter M. H. Heegaard4Thomas Thymann5Duc Ninh Nguyen6Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, DenmarkSection for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, DenmarkSection for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, DenmarkSection for Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, DenmarkInnate Immunology Group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, DenmarkSection for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, DenmarkSection for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, DenmarkInfant formulas offer an alternative to breast milk for both normal birth weight (NBW) and immunocompromised intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants. Although the lipid fraction in formulas is often derived from vegetable oils, it is unclear if this alters immunological outcomes relative to milk fats or whether these effects differ between IUGR and NBW infants. We hypothesized that replacing vegetable oil with bovine milk fat in infant formula would improve immune development in IUGR and NBW neonates. Two-day old piglets were selected (NBW, <i>n</i> = 18, IUGR, <i>n</i> = 18) and each group of animals were fed formula based on either vegetable oil (VEG) or bovine milk fat (MILK). Animals were reared until day 23/24 and systemic immune parameters were evaluated. Milk-fat feeding decreased blood neutrophil counts and improved neutrophil function while transiently reducing leucocytes’ expression of genes related to adaptive and innate immunity as well as energy metabolism, following in vitro stimulation by live <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (whole blood, 2 h). However, there were only a few interactions between milk-fat type and birthweight status. Thus, piglets fed milk-fat-based formula had improved neutrophil maturation and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses, compared to those fed vegetable-oil-based formula.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/10/3310intrauterine growth restrictioninfant formulaimmune developmentmilk fatneonateinfant |
| spellingShingle | Ole Bæk Karina Skadborg Tik Muk Charlotte Amdi Peter M. H. Heegaard Thomas Thymann Duc Ninh Nguyen Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets Nutrients intrauterine growth restriction infant formula immune development milk fat neonate infant |
| title | Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets |
| title_full | Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets |
| title_fullStr | Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets |
| title_short | Infant Formula Based on Milk Fat Affects Immune Development in Both Normal Birthweight and Fetal Growth Restricted Neonatal Piglets |
| title_sort | infant formula based on milk fat affects immune development in both normal birthweight and fetal growth restricted neonatal piglets |
| topic | intrauterine growth restriction infant formula immune development milk fat neonate infant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/10/3310 |
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