Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave
Abstract Background The World-famous UNESCO heritage from the Paleolithic human society, Lascaux Cave (France), has endeavored intense microclimatic perturbations, in part due to high touristic pressure. These perturbations have resulted in numerous disturbances of the cave ecosystem, including on i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Microbiome |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40168-018-0599-9 |
| _version_ | 1818362822920241152 |
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| author | Lise Alonso Charline Creuzé-des-Châtelliers Théo Trabac Audrey Dubost Yvan Moënne-Loccoz Thomas Pommier |
| author_facet | Lise Alonso Charline Creuzé-des-Châtelliers Théo Trabac Audrey Dubost Yvan Moënne-Loccoz Thomas Pommier |
| author_sort | Lise Alonso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The World-famous UNESCO heritage from the Paleolithic human society, Lascaux Cave (France), has endeavored intense microclimatic perturbations, in part due to high touristic pressure. These perturbations have resulted in numerous disturbances of the cave ecosystem, including on its microbial compartment, which resulted in the formation of black stains especially on the rock faces of the passage. We investigated the cave microbiome in this part of Lascaux by sampling three mineral substrates (soil, banks, and inclined planes) on and outside stains to assess current cave microbial assemblage and explore the possibility that pigmented microorganisms involved in stain development occur as microbial consortia. Methods Microbial abundance and diversity were assessed by means of quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) of several DNA and cDNA taxonomic markers. Five sampling campaigns were carried out during winter and summer to embrace potential seasonal effect in this somewhat stable environment (based on measurements of temperature and CO2 concentration). Results While the season or type of mineral substrate did not affect the abundances of bacteria and micro-eukaryotes on or outside stains, mineral substrate rather than stain presence appears to be the most significant factor determining microbial diversity and structuring microbial community, regardless of whether DNA or cDNA markers were considered. A phylogenetic signal was also detected in relation to substrate types, presence of stains but not with season among the OTUs common to the three substrates. Co-occurrence network analyses showed that most bacterial and fungal interactions were positive regardless of the factor tested (season, substrate, or stain), but these networks varied according to ecological conditions and time. Microorganisms known to harbor pigmentation ability were well established inside but also outside black stains, which may be prerequisite for subsequent stain formation. Conclusions This first high throughput sequencing performed in Lascaux Cave showed that black stains were secondary to mineral substrate in determining microbiome community structure, regardless of whether total or transcriptionally active bacterial and micro-eukaryotic communities were considered. These results revealed the potential for new stain formation and highlight the need for careful microbiome management to avoid further cave wall degradation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T21:38:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-871fef862cbe4f908131aa2297798d5b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2049-2618 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T21:38:42Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiome |
| spelling | doaj.art-871fef862cbe4f908131aa2297798d5b2022-12-21T23:30:36ZengBMCMicrobiome2049-26182018-12-016111510.1186/s40168-018-0599-9Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux CaveLise Alonso0Charline Creuzé-des-Châtelliers1Théo Trabac2Audrey Dubost3Yvan Moënne-Loccoz4Thomas Pommier5Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557/1418 Ecologie MicrobienneUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557/1418 Ecologie MicrobienneUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557/1418 Ecologie MicrobienneUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557/1418 Ecologie MicrobienneUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557/1418 Ecologie MicrobienneUniv Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557/1418 Ecologie MicrobienneAbstract Background The World-famous UNESCO heritage from the Paleolithic human society, Lascaux Cave (France), has endeavored intense microclimatic perturbations, in part due to high touristic pressure. These perturbations have resulted in numerous disturbances of the cave ecosystem, including on its microbial compartment, which resulted in the formation of black stains especially on the rock faces of the passage. We investigated the cave microbiome in this part of Lascaux by sampling three mineral substrates (soil, banks, and inclined planes) on and outside stains to assess current cave microbial assemblage and explore the possibility that pigmented microorganisms involved in stain development occur as microbial consortia. Methods Microbial abundance and diversity were assessed by means of quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) of several DNA and cDNA taxonomic markers. Five sampling campaigns were carried out during winter and summer to embrace potential seasonal effect in this somewhat stable environment (based on measurements of temperature and CO2 concentration). Results While the season or type of mineral substrate did not affect the abundances of bacteria and micro-eukaryotes on or outside stains, mineral substrate rather than stain presence appears to be the most significant factor determining microbial diversity and structuring microbial community, regardless of whether DNA or cDNA markers were considered. A phylogenetic signal was also detected in relation to substrate types, presence of stains but not with season among the OTUs common to the three substrates. Co-occurrence network analyses showed that most bacterial and fungal interactions were positive regardless of the factor tested (season, substrate, or stain), but these networks varied according to ecological conditions and time. Microorganisms known to harbor pigmentation ability were well established inside but also outside black stains, which may be prerequisite for subsequent stain formation. Conclusions This first high throughput sequencing performed in Lascaux Cave showed that black stains were secondary to mineral substrate in determining microbiome community structure, regardless of whether total or transcriptionally active bacterial and micro-eukaryotic communities were considered. These results revealed the potential for new stain formation and highlight the need for careful microbiome management to avoid further cave wall degradation.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40168-018-0599-9Lascaux CaveMicrobial degradationBacterial-fungal co-occurrenceMicrobial community |
| spellingShingle | Lise Alonso Charline Creuzé-des-Châtelliers Théo Trabac Audrey Dubost Yvan Moënne-Loccoz Thomas Pommier Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave Microbiome Lascaux Cave Microbial degradation Bacterial-fungal co-occurrence Microbial community |
| title | Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave |
| title_full | Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave |
| title_fullStr | Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave |
| title_short | Rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of Lascaux Cave |
| title_sort | rock substrate rather than black stain alterations drives microbial community structure in the passage of lascaux cave |
| topic | Lascaux Cave Microbial degradation Bacterial-fungal co-occurrence Microbial community |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40168-018-0599-9 |
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