Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan
Introduction Enclosed designated smoking areas (DSAs) and smoking zones are allowed in food-serving venues in Kazakhstan. Air quality in smoke-free foodserving venues, in venues with smoking throughout, in those with DSAs and those with smoking zones, is not fully understood. Methods A cross-sectio...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
European Publishing
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.journalssystem.com/tid/Air-quality-in-food-serving-venues-with-mixed-smoking-policies-in-Almaty-Kazakhstan,127230,0,2.html |
| _version_ | 1818567162472693760 |
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| author | Jamilya Sadykova<sup>#</sup> Ardak Baizhaxynova<sup>#</sup> Byron Crape |
| author_facet | Jamilya Sadykova<sup>#</sup> Ardak Baizhaxynova<sup>#</sup> Byron Crape |
| author_sort | Jamilya Sadykova<sup>#</sup> |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction
Enclosed designated smoking areas (DSAs) and smoking zones are
allowed in food-serving venues in Kazakhstan. Air quality in smoke-free foodserving
venues, in venues with smoking throughout, in those with DSAs and those
with smoking zones, is not fully understood.
Methods
A cross-sectional study with aim to evaluate PM 2.5 concentrations in the
venues with mixed smoking was conducted from September to October 2017 in
Almaty, the largest city of Kazakhstan. A total of 44 rooms within the selected 29
venues were evaluated: 100% smoke-free (5), non-smoking zones (7), smoking
zones (7), non-smoking venues with DSAs (8), venues that allow smoking
throughout (9), and DSAs (8). Real-time PM 2.5 measurement was conducted
by TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor and used to rank health-risk
assessment using the Air Quality Index developed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Results
Smoke-free food-serving venues had moderate levels of air quality with
mean PM 2.5 of 26.2 μg/m 3 while non-smoking zones inside venues that also
permitted smoking had a mean of 56.5 μg/m 3 , corresponding to unhealthy air
quality. Venues restricting smoking only to DSAs also had unhealthy air quality in
non-smoking areas (mean PM 2.5 = 87.6 μg/m 3 ) while DSAs had hazardous levels
of air quality (mean PM 2.5 = 647.9 μg/m 3 ). Smoking zones inside the venues and
venues allowing smoking throughout had a mean PM 2.5 of 180.3 and 182.0 μg/m 3 ,
respectively, ranking as very unhealthy. On average 3.5 persons were observed
in DSAs with mean volume of 38.9 m 3 . Cigarette and/or hookah were the major
source of PM 2.5 . The higher the smoker density the poorer the air quality in the
venue.
Conclusions
Hazardous level of PM 2.5 due to tobacco products inside DSAs
demonstrated the low efficiency of a smoking ban with exemptions. A complete
smoking ban in food-serving venues should be in place to fully protect people
from hazardous air quality conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T06:19:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-872e8461097647fe8280204ca9e1fa42 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1617-9625 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T06:19:51Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | European Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-872e8461097647fe8280204ca9e1fa422022-12-21T23:13:52ZengEuropean PublishingTobacco Induced Diseases1617-96252020-09-0118September1910.18332/tid/127230127230Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in KazakhstanJamilya Sadykova<sup>#</sup>0Ardak Baizhaxynova<sup>#</sup>1Byron Crape2National Coalition ‘Smoke-free Kazakhstan’, Nur-Sultan, KazakhstanNational Coalition ‘Smoke-free Kazakhstan’, Nur-Sultan, KazakhstanPublic Health Program, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur- Sultan, KazakhstanIntroduction Enclosed designated smoking areas (DSAs) and smoking zones are allowed in food-serving venues in Kazakhstan. Air quality in smoke-free foodserving venues, in venues with smoking throughout, in those with DSAs and those with smoking zones, is not fully understood. Methods A cross-sectional study with aim to evaluate PM 2.5 concentrations in the venues with mixed smoking was conducted from September to October 2017 in Almaty, the largest city of Kazakhstan. A total of 44 rooms within the selected 29 venues were evaluated: 100% smoke-free (5), non-smoking zones (7), smoking zones (7), non-smoking venues with DSAs (8), venues that allow smoking throughout (9), and DSAs (8). Real-time PM 2.5 measurement was conducted by TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor and used to rank health-risk assessment using the Air Quality Index developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Results Smoke-free food-serving venues had moderate levels of air quality with mean PM 2.5 of 26.2 μg/m 3 while non-smoking zones inside venues that also permitted smoking had a mean of 56.5 μg/m 3 , corresponding to unhealthy air quality. Venues restricting smoking only to DSAs also had unhealthy air quality in non-smoking areas (mean PM 2.5 = 87.6 μg/m 3 ) while DSAs had hazardous levels of air quality (mean PM 2.5 = 647.9 μg/m 3 ). Smoking zones inside the venues and venues allowing smoking throughout had a mean PM 2.5 of 180.3 and 182.0 μg/m 3 , respectively, ranking as very unhealthy. On average 3.5 persons were observed in DSAs with mean volume of 38.9 m 3 . Cigarette and/or hookah were the major source of PM 2.5 . The higher the smoker density the poorer the air quality in the venue. Conclusions Hazardous level of PM 2.5 due to tobacco products inside DSAs demonstrated the low efficiency of a smoking ban with exemptions. A complete smoking ban in food-serving venues should be in place to fully protect people from hazardous air quality conditions.http://www.journalssystem.com/tid/Air-quality-in-food-serving-venues-with-mixed-smoking-policies-in-Almaty-Kazakhstan,127230,0,2.htmldesignated smoking areassmoking policyair qualitykazakhstan |
| spellingShingle | Jamilya Sadykova<sup>#</sup> Ardak Baizhaxynova<sup>#</sup> Byron Crape Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan Tobacco Induced Diseases designated smoking areas smoking policy air quality kazakhstan |
| title | Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan |
| title_full | Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan |
| title_fullStr | Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan |
| title_short | Air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in Kazakhstan |
| title_sort | air quality at venues of mixed smoking policies in kazakhstan |
| topic | designated smoking areas smoking policy air quality kazakhstan |
| url | http://www.journalssystem.com/tid/Air-quality-in-food-serving-venues-with-mixed-smoking-policies-in-Almaty-Kazakhstan,127230,0,2.html |
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