Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful fo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/5/441 |
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| author | Henrique Silva |
| author_facet | Henrique Silva |
| author_sort | Henrique Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author’s knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:21:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-87432c1f9fd9416ba5288aa1be2856db |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:21:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-87432c1f9fd9416ba5288aa1be2856db2023-11-21T20:00:34ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372021-05-0110544110.3390/biology10050441Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular DysfunctionHenrique Silva0Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, VietnamPeriodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author’s knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/5/441periodontal diseasetobacco useoral microcirculationnicotinemicrovascular morphologyinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Henrique Silva Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction Biology periodontal disease tobacco use oral microcirculation nicotine microvascular morphology inflammation |
| title | Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction |
| title_full | Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction |
| title_fullStr | Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction |
| title_short | Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction |
| title_sort | tobacco use and periodontal disease the role of microvascular dysfunction |
| topic | periodontal disease tobacco use oral microcirculation nicotine microvascular morphology inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/5/441 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT henriquesilva tobaccouseandperiodontaldiseasetheroleofmicrovasculardysfunction |