Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment
<i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil and <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil consist of fatty acids and sterols that are beneficial for skin. Mixing of these oils at 1:1 ratio has shown to increase antioxidant activity of oils. This study aims to formulate emulgels containing microemulsions...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/12/2348 |
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| author | Prakairat Tunit Chuda Chittasupho Kusuma Sriyakul Parunkul Tungsuruthai Panlop Chakkavittumrong Kesara Na-Bangchang Somboon Kietinun |
| author_facet | Prakairat Tunit Chuda Chittasupho Kusuma Sriyakul Parunkul Tungsuruthai Panlop Chakkavittumrong Kesara Na-Bangchang Somboon Kietinun |
| author_sort | Prakairat Tunit |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil and <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil consist of fatty acids and sterols that are beneficial for skin. Mixing of these oils at 1:1 ratio has shown to increase antioxidant activity of oils. This study aims to formulate emulgels containing microemulsions of <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil, <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil, and mixed <i>P. frutescens</i> and <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oils. The chemical constituents of <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil, <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil, and mixed seed oil are analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The microemulsions are formulated by a phase titration method and characterized for the droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential value using a dynamic light scattering technique. The physical and chemical stability of the microemulsions are investigated using a rheometer and UV-Visible spectrophotometer, respectively. The safety of microemulsion is evaluated on PBMC and human subjects. Emulgels containing three different types of microemulsion are formulated. The results show that <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil is mainly composed of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, whereas <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil contains a high proportion of oleic acid. Mixed seed oil contains a comparable amount of alpha-linolenic acid and oleic acid. All types of oils are composed of β-sitosterol as the major plant sterol. Microemulsions of all types of oils are successfully prepared by using Tween 80 as a surfactant due to the largest transparent region of pseudoternary phase diagram. The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of all types of microemulsion are in the acceptable range upon storage at 30 °C for 1 month. Microemulsions exhibit pseudoplastic flow behavior. The percent of remaining oils in all types of microemulsion is more than 90% after storage at 30 °C for 1 month. Emulgels containing three types of microemulsions exhibit good characteristics and no change in viscosity after storage at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 1 month. The safety results reveal that three types of microemulsion do not induce cytotoxicity to PBMC nor induce skin irritation and allergic reactions. Emulgels containing microemulsions developed in this study can be used to safely deliver <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil, <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil, and mixed seed oil to human skin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:41:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8766cbd23cd0448aad6c01c3cf15748b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:41:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-8766cbd23cd0448aad6c01c3cf15748b2023-11-23T18:36:25ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-06-011412234810.3390/polym14122348Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety AssessmentPrakairat Tunit0Chuda Chittasupho1Kusuma Sriyakul2Parunkul Tungsuruthai3Panlop Chakkavittumrong4Kesara Na-Bangchang5Somboon Kietinun6Graduate Program in Integrative Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandGraduate Program in Integrative Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandGraduate Program in Integrative Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandDivision of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Pharmacology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Graduate Studies, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandGraduate Program in Integrative Medicine, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand<i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil and <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil consist of fatty acids and sterols that are beneficial for skin. Mixing of these oils at 1:1 ratio has shown to increase antioxidant activity of oils. This study aims to formulate emulgels containing microemulsions of <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil, <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil, and mixed <i>P. frutescens</i> and <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oils. The chemical constituents of <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil, <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil, and mixed seed oil are analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The microemulsions are formulated by a phase titration method and characterized for the droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential value using a dynamic light scattering technique. The physical and chemical stability of the microemulsions are investigated using a rheometer and UV-Visible spectrophotometer, respectively. The safety of microemulsion is evaluated on PBMC and human subjects. Emulgels containing three different types of microemulsion are formulated. The results show that <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil is mainly composed of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, whereas <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil contains a high proportion of oleic acid. Mixed seed oil contains a comparable amount of alpha-linolenic acid and oleic acid. All types of oils are composed of β-sitosterol as the major plant sterol. Microemulsions of all types of oils are successfully prepared by using Tween 80 as a surfactant due to the largest transparent region of pseudoternary phase diagram. The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of all types of microemulsion are in the acceptable range upon storage at 30 °C for 1 month. Microemulsions exhibit pseudoplastic flow behavior. The percent of remaining oils in all types of microemulsion is more than 90% after storage at 30 °C for 1 month. Emulgels containing three types of microemulsions exhibit good characteristics and no change in viscosity after storage at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 1 month. The safety results reveal that three types of microemulsion do not induce cytotoxicity to PBMC nor induce skin irritation and allergic reactions. Emulgels containing microemulsions developed in this study can be used to safely deliver <i>P. frutescens</i> seed oil, <i>M. oleifera</i> seed oil, and mixed seed oil to human skin.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/12/2348<i>P. frutescens</i><i>M. oleifera</i>mixed seed oilmicroemulsionemulgel |
| spellingShingle | Prakairat Tunit Chuda Chittasupho Kusuma Sriyakul Parunkul Tungsuruthai Panlop Chakkavittumrong Kesara Na-Bangchang Somboon Kietinun Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment Polymers <i>P. frutescens</i> <i>M. oleifera</i> mixed seed oil microemulsion emulgel |
| title | Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment |
| title_full | Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment |
| title_short | Emulgels Containing <i>Perilla frutescens</i> Seed Oil, <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seed Oil, and Mixed Seed Oil: Microemulsion and Safety Assessment |
| title_sort | emulgels containing i perilla frutescens i seed oil i moringa oleifera i seed oil and mixed seed oil microemulsion and safety assessment |
| topic | <i>P. frutescens</i> <i>M. oleifera</i> mixed seed oil microemulsion emulgel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/12/2348 |
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