Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120
Uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol, or p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are markedly accumulated in the organs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins can induce inflammatory reactions and enhance oxidative stress, prompting glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-09-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/9/367 |
| _version_ | 1828272468464238592 |
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| author | Wen-Chih Liu Yasuhiko Tomino Kuo-Cheng Lu |
| author_facet | Wen-Chih Liu Yasuhiko Tomino Kuo-Cheng Lu |
| author_sort | Wen-Chih Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol, or p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are markedly accumulated in the organs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins can induce inflammatory reactions and enhance oxidative stress, prompting glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, to aggravate the decline of renal function. Consequently, uremic toxins play an important role in the worsening of renal and cardiovascular functions. Furthermore, they destroy the quantity and quality of bone. Oral sorbent AST-120 reduces serum levels of uremic toxins in CKD patients by adsorbing the precursors of IS and PCS generated by amino acid metabolism in the intestine. Accordingly, AST-120 decreases the serum IS levels and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species by endothelial cells, to impede the subsequent oxidative stress. This slows the progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases and improves bone metabolism in CKD patients. Although large-scale studies showed no obvious benefits from adding AST-120 to the standard therapy for CKD patients, subsequent sporadic studies may support its use. This article summarizes the mechanisms of the uremic toxins, IS, and PCS, and discusses the multiple effects of AST-120 in CKD patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:07:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-876e10d37a874ed39a2cd87ca42c5e17 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:07:09Z |
| publishDate | 2018-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-876e10d37a874ed39a2cd87ca42c5e172022-12-22T02:59:13ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512018-09-0110936710.3390/toxins10090367toxins10090367Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120Wen-Chih Liu0Yasuhiko Tomino1Kuo-Cheng Lu2Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung City 435, TaiwanAsian Pacific Renal Research Promotion Office, Medical Corporation SHOWAKAI, Tokyo 160-0023, JapanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 243, TaiwanUremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol, or p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are markedly accumulated in the organs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins can induce inflammatory reactions and enhance oxidative stress, prompting glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, to aggravate the decline of renal function. Consequently, uremic toxins play an important role in the worsening of renal and cardiovascular functions. Furthermore, they destroy the quantity and quality of bone. Oral sorbent AST-120 reduces serum levels of uremic toxins in CKD patients by adsorbing the precursors of IS and PCS generated by amino acid metabolism in the intestine. Accordingly, AST-120 decreases the serum IS levels and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species by endothelial cells, to impede the subsequent oxidative stress. This slows the progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases and improves bone metabolism in CKD patients. Although large-scale studies showed no obvious benefits from adding AST-120 to the standard therapy for CKD patients, subsequent sporadic studies may support its use. This article summarizes the mechanisms of the uremic toxins, IS, and PCS, and discusses the multiple effects of AST-120 in CKD patients.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/9/367uremic toxinindoxyl sulfateuremic toxin adsorbentchronic kidney disease-mineral bone diseasereactive oxygen species |
| spellingShingle | Wen-Chih Liu Yasuhiko Tomino Kuo-Cheng Lu Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120 Toxins uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate uremic toxin adsorbent chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disease reactive oxygen species |
| title | Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120 |
| title_full | Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120 |
| title_fullStr | Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120 |
| title_short | Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120 |
| title_sort | impacts of indoxyl sulfate and p cresol sulfate on chronic kidney disease and mitigating effects of ast 120 |
| topic | uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate uremic toxin adsorbent chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disease reactive oxygen species |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/9/367 |
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