The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones
Most liver diseases, including acute liver injury, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, metabolic liver diseases, and end-stage liver diseases, are strongly linked with hormonal influences. Thus, delineating the clinical manifestation and underlying mechanisms of the “sexual dimorphism” is cr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.939631/full |
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| author | Linlin Xu Yuan Yuan Zhaodi Che Xiaozhi Tan Bin Wu Cunchuan Wang Chengfang Xu Jia Xiao |
| author_facet | Linlin Xu Yuan Yuan Zhaodi Che Xiaozhi Tan Bin Wu Cunchuan Wang Chengfang Xu Jia Xiao |
| author_sort | Linlin Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most liver diseases, including acute liver injury, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, metabolic liver diseases, and end-stage liver diseases, are strongly linked with hormonal influences. Thus, delineating the clinical manifestation and underlying mechanisms of the “sexual dimorphism” is critical for providing hints for the prevention, management, and treatment of those diseases. Whether the sex hormones (androgen, estrogen, and progesterone) and sex-related hormones (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin) play protective or toxic roles in the liver depends on the biological sex, disease stage, precipitating factor, and even the psychiatric status. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity, alcohol drinking, and smoking, also drastically affect the involving mechanisms of those hormones in liver diseases. Hormones deliver their hepatic regulatory signals primarily via classical and non-classical receptors in different liver cell types. Exogenous sex/sex-related hormone therapy may serve as a novel strategy for metabolic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. However, the undesired hormone-induced liver injury should be carefully studied in pre-clinical models and monitored in clinical applications. This issue is particularly important for menopause females with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and transgender populations who want to receive gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). In conclusion, basic and clinical studies are warranted to depict the detailed hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic mechanisms of sex/sex-related hormones in liver disease. Prolactin holds a promising perspective in treating metabolic and advanced liver diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T21:56:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-877ac09555304ee1bd2697796e88dcea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T21:56:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-877ac09555304ee1bd2697796e88dcea2022-12-22T02:28:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-07-011310.3389/fimmu.2022.939631939631The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related HormonesLinlin Xu0Yuan Yuan1Zhaodi Che2Xiaozhi Tan3Bin Wu4Cunchuan Wang5Chengfang Xu6Jia Xiao7Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaClinical Medicine Research Institute, Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaClinical Medicine Research Institute, Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaClinical Medicine Research Institute, Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaClinical Medicine Research Institute, Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaMost liver diseases, including acute liver injury, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, metabolic liver diseases, and end-stage liver diseases, are strongly linked with hormonal influences. Thus, delineating the clinical manifestation and underlying mechanisms of the “sexual dimorphism” is critical for providing hints for the prevention, management, and treatment of those diseases. Whether the sex hormones (androgen, estrogen, and progesterone) and sex-related hormones (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin) play protective or toxic roles in the liver depends on the biological sex, disease stage, precipitating factor, and even the psychiatric status. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity, alcohol drinking, and smoking, also drastically affect the involving mechanisms of those hormones in liver diseases. Hormones deliver their hepatic regulatory signals primarily via classical and non-classical receptors in different liver cell types. Exogenous sex/sex-related hormone therapy may serve as a novel strategy for metabolic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. However, the undesired hormone-induced liver injury should be carefully studied in pre-clinical models and monitored in clinical applications. This issue is particularly important for menopause females with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and transgender populations who want to receive gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). In conclusion, basic and clinical studies are warranted to depict the detailed hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic mechanisms of sex/sex-related hormones in liver disease. Prolactin holds a promising perspective in treating metabolic and advanced liver diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.939631/fullsex hormonechronic liver diseasescirrhosismechanismtherapy |
| spellingShingle | Linlin Xu Yuan Yuan Zhaodi Che Xiaozhi Tan Bin Wu Cunchuan Wang Chengfang Xu Jia Xiao The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones Frontiers in Immunology sex hormone chronic liver diseases cirrhosis mechanism therapy |
| title | The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones |
| title_full | The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones |
| title_fullStr | The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones |
| title_short | The Hepatoprotective and Hepatotoxic Roles of Sex and Sex-Related Hormones |
| title_sort | hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic roles of sex and sex related hormones |
| topic | sex hormone chronic liver diseases cirrhosis mechanism therapy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.939631/full |
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