Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir
The petrophysical characterization of tight gas sands can be affected by clay minerals, gas adsorption, microfractures, and the presence of high-density minerals. In this study, we conducted various petrophysical, petrographic, and high-resolution image analyses on Saudi Arabian tight sand in order...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/22/4302 |
| _version_ | 1811278984316452864 |
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| author | Abdulrauf R. Adebayo Lamidi Babalola Syed R. Hussaini Abdullah Alqubalee Rahul S. Babu |
| author_facet | Abdulrauf R. Adebayo Lamidi Babalola Syed R. Hussaini Abdullah Alqubalee Rahul S. Babu |
| author_sort | Abdulrauf R. Adebayo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The petrophysical characterization of tight gas sands can be affected by clay minerals, gas adsorption, microfractures, and the presence of high-density minerals. In this study, we conducted various petrophysical, petrographic, and high-resolution image analyses on Saudi Arabian tight sand in order to understand how a complex pore system responds to measurement tools. About 140 plug samples extracted from six wells were subjected to routine core analyses including cleaning, drying, and porosity−permeability measurements. The porosity−permeability data was used to identify hydraulic flow units (HFU). In order to probe the factors contributing to the heterogeneity of this tight sand, 12 subsamples representing the different HFUs were selected for petrographic study and high-resolution image analysis using SEM, quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscope (QEMSCAN), and micro-computed tomography (µCT). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrical resistivity measurements were also conducted on 56 subsamples representing various lithofacies. NMR porosity showed good agreement with other porosity measurements. The agreement was remarkable in specific lithofacies with porosity ranging from 0.1% to 7%. Above this range, significant scatters were seen between the porosity methods. QEMSCAN results revealed that samples with <7% porosity contain a higher proportion of clay than those with porosity >7%, which are either microfractured or contain partially dissolved labile minerals. The NMR T2 profiles also showed that samples with porosity <7% are dominated by micropores while samples with porosity >7% are dominated by macropores. Analysis of the µCT images revealed that pore throat sizes may be responsible for the poor correlation between NMR porosity and other porosity methods. NMR permeability values estimated using the Shlumberger Doll Research (SDR) method are fairly correlated with helium permeability (with an R2 of 0.6). Electrical resistivity measurements showed that the different rock types fall on the same slope of the formation factors versus porosity, with a cementation factor of 1.5. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T00:46:47Z |
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| id | doaj.art-87907923fd744ca79e620335e8b35a38 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T00:46:47Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-87907923fd744ca79e620335e8b35a382022-12-22T03:09:59ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732019-11-011222430210.3390/en12224302en12224302Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand ReservoirAbdulrauf R. Adebayo0Lamidi Babalola1Syed R. Hussaini2Abdullah Alqubalee3Rahul S. Babu4Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaCenter for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaCenter for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaCenter for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaCenter for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaThe petrophysical characterization of tight gas sands can be affected by clay minerals, gas adsorption, microfractures, and the presence of high-density minerals. In this study, we conducted various petrophysical, petrographic, and high-resolution image analyses on Saudi Arabian tight sand in order to understand how a complex pore system responds to measurement tools. About 140 plug samples extracted from six wells were subjected to routine core analyses including cleaning, drying, and porosity−permeability measurements. The porosity−permeability data was used to identify hydraulic flow units (HFU). In order to probe the factors contributing to the heterogeneity of this tight sand, 12 subsamples representing the different HFUs were selected for petrographic study and high-resolution image analysis using SEM, quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscope (QEMSCAN), and micro-computed tomography (µCT). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrical resistivity measurements were also conducted on 56 subsamples representing various lithofacies. NMR porosity showed good agreement with other porosity measurements. The agreement was remarkable in specific lithofacies with porosity ranging from 0.1% to 7%. Above this range, significant scatters were seen between the porosity methods. QEMSCAN results revealed that samples with <7% porosity contain a higher proportion of clay than those with porosity >7%, which are either microfractured or contain partially dissolved labile minerals. The NMR T2 profiles also showed that samples with porosity <7% are dominated by micropores while samples with porosity >7% are dominated by macropores. Analysis of the µCT images revealed that pore throat sizes may be responsible for the poor correlation between NMR porosity and other porosity methods. NMR permeability values estimated using the Shlumberger Doll Research (SDR) method are fairly correlated with helium permeability (with an R2 of 0.6). Electrical resistivity measurements showed that the different rock types fall on the same slope of the formation factors versus porosity, with a cementation factor of 1.5.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/22/4302tight gas sandunconventionalporosity–permeabilityhydraulic flow unitselectrical resistivitynmrmicro-ct imagepetrophysicspetrography |
| spellingShingle | Abdulrauf R. Adebayo Lamidi Babalola Syed R. Hussaini Abdullah Alqubalee Rahul S. Babu Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir Energies tight gas sand unconventional porosity–permeability hydraulic flow units electrical resistivity nmr micro-ct image petrophysics petrography |
| title | Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir |
| title_full | Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir |
| title_fullStr | Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir |
| title_short | Insight into the Pore Characteristics of a Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Sand Reservoir |
| title_sort | insight into the pore characteristics of a saudi arabian tight gas sand reservoir |
| topic | tight gas sand unconventional porosity–permeability hydraulic flow units electrical resistivity nmr micro-ct image petrophysics petrography |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/22/4302 |
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