The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women
Abstract Background The regularity of the menstrual cycle directly affects women’s health. Many studies have focused on menstrual health; however, menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota have been seldom investigated. Methods To investi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-05-01
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| Series: | BMC Women's Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02395-z |
| _version_ | 1797811349213937664 |
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| author | Laiji Ma Hong Jiang Tingting Han Yanqin Shi Man Wang Shanshan Jiang Suzhen Yang Lingyun Yao Qingwen Jia Li Shao |
| author_facet | Laiji Ma Hong Jiang Tingting Han Yanqin Shi Man Wang Shanshan Jiang Suzhen Yang Lingyun Yao Qingwen Jia Li Shao |
| author_sort | Laiji Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The regularity of the menstrual cycle directly affects women’s health. Many studies have focused on menstrual health; however, menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota have been seldom investigated. Methods To investigate the menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota of 197 cases of Chinese women aged 18–35 years living in shanghai in 2021. Based on a self-evaluation questionnaire, the volunteers were divided into three groups C1 (those with a regular menstrual cycle), C2 (those with a less regular menstrual cycle) and C3 (those with an irregular menstrual cycle). The physiological parameters of facial skin were measured by non-invasive methods and the skin microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results In the C3 group, the hydration content was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), the TEWL was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the sebum content was increased (p > 0.05), indicating that the skin barrier integrity weakened with increased menstrual cycle irregularity. Additionally, the melanin level, L value and b value were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the C3 group, but the a value was significantly increased (p < 0.001), which indicated that the skin color became darker. Furthermore, the skin microbiota diversity decreased with increasing cycle irregularity, but the differences were not significant. The skin microbiota composition showed that the proportion of Firmicutes, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium were increased in those with an irregular menstrual cycle, indicating that alterations in the ratio of bacterial phyla and/or genera might disturb skin homeostasis. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between the microbiota and skin physiological parameters. Based on the associations among hormones, skin physiological parameters and skin microbiota, it is possible that the skin physiological parameters, as well as the skin microbial diversity and composition, change with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Conclusions An irregular menstrual cycle can affect skin physiological characteristics and the skin microbiota. Female with an irregular menstrual cycle should strengthen skin care practices and use skin care products with moisturising and soothing effects to protect their skin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:21:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-87c61aee9c3144d38c5367d1e944db0b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1472-6874 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:21:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Women's Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-87c61aee9c3144d38c5367d1e944db0b2023-06-04T11:37:32ZengBMCBMC Women's Health1472-68742023-05-0123111110.1186/s12905-023-02395-zThe menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese womenLaiji Ma0Hong Jiang1Tingting Han2Yanqin Shi3Man Wang4Shanshan Jiang5Suzhen Yang6Lingyun Yao7Qingwen Jia8Li Shao9School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of TechnologySchool of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyR&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd.School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s HospitalR&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd.R&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd.School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyR&D Innovation Center, Shandong Freda Biotech Co., Ltd.School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyAbstract Background The regularity of the menstrual cycle directly affects women’s health. Many studies have focused on menstrual health; however, menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota have been seldom investigated. Methods To investigate the menstrual cycle regularity-related variations in skin physiological characteristics and skin microbiota of 197 cases of Chinese women aged 18–35 years living in shanghai in 2021. Based on a self-evaluation questionnaire, the volunteers were divided into three groups C1 (those with a regular menstrual cycle), C2 (those with a less regular menstrual cycle) and C3 (those with an irregular menstrual cycle). The physiological parameters of facial skin were measured by non-invasive methods and the skin microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results In the C3 group, the hydration content was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), the TEWL was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the sebum content was increased (p > 0.05), indicating that the skin barrier integrity weakened with increased menstrual cycle irregularity. Additionally, the melanin level, L value and b value were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the C3 group, but the a value was significantly increased (p < 0.001), which indicated that the skin color became darker. Furthermore, the skin microbiota diversity decreased with increasing cycle irregularity, but the differences were not significant. The skin microbiota composition showed that the proportion of Firmicutes, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium were increased in those with an irregular menstrual cycle, indicating that alterations in the ratio of bacterial phyla and/or genera might disturb skin homeostasis. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between the microbiota and skin physiological parameters. Based on the associations among hormones, skin physiological parameters and skin microbiota, it is possible that the skin physiological parameters, as well as the skin microbial diversity and composition, change with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Conclusions An irregular menstrual cycle can affect skin physiological characteristics and the skin microbiota. Female with an irregular menstrual cycle should strengthen skin care practices and use skin care products with moisturising and soothing effects to protect their skin.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02395-zMenstrual cycleSkin physiological parametersSkin microbiotaSkin barrierTEWLHormones |
| spellingShingle | Laiji Ma Hong Jiang Tingting Han Yanqin Shi Man Wang Shanshan Jiang Suzhen Yang Lingyun Yao Qingwen Jia Li Shao The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women BMC Women's Health Menstrual cycle Skin physiological parameters Skin microbiota Skin barrier TEWL Hormones |
| title | The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women |
| title_full | The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women |
| title_fullStr | The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women |
| title_full_unstemmed | The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women |
| title_short | The menstrual cycle regularity and skin: irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban Chinese women |
| title_sort | menstrual cycle regularity and skin irregular menstrual cycle affects skin physiological properties and skin bacterial microbiome in urban chinese women |
| topic | Menstrual cycle Skin physiological parameters Skin microbiota Skin barrier TEWL Hormones |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02395-z |
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