Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway.
Most organisms are simply diamagnetic, while magnetotactic bacteria and migratory animals are among organisms that exploit magnetism. Biogenic magnetization not only is of fundamental interest, but also has industrial potential. However, the key factor(s) that enable biogenic magnetization in coordi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2012-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS Biology |
| Online Access: | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3289596?pdf=render |
| _version_ | 1818435646389223424 |
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| author | Keiji Nishida Pamela A Silver |
| author_facet | Keiji Nishida Pamela A Silver |
| author_sort | Keiji Nishida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most organisms are simply diamagnetic, while magnetotactic bacteria and migratory animals are among organisms that exploit magnetism. Biogenic magnetization not only is of fundamental interest, but also has industrial potential. However, the key factor(s) that enable biogenic magnetization in coordination with other cellular functions and metabolism remain unknown. To address the requirements for induction and the application of synthetic bio-magnetism, we explored the creation of magnetism in a simple model organism. Cell magnetization was first observed by attraction towards a magnet when normally diamagnetic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown with ferric citrate. The magnetization was further enhanced by genetic modification of iron homeostasis and introduction of ferritin. The acquired magnetizable properties enabled the cells to be attracted to a magnet, and be trapped by a magnetic column. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry confirmed and quantitatively characterized the acquired paramagnetism. Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed electron-dense iron-containing aggregates within the magnetized cells. Magnetization-based screening of gene knockouts identified Tco89p, a component of TORC1 (Target of rapamycin complex 1), as important for magnetization; loss of TCO89 and treatment with rapamycin reduced magnetization in a TCO89-dependent manner. The TCO89 expression level positively correlated with magnetization, enabling inducible magnetization. Several carbon metabolism genes were also shown to affect magnetization. Redox mediators indicated that TCO89 alters the intracellular redox to an oxidized state in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated that synthetic induction of magnetization is possible and that the key factors are local redox control through carbon metabolism and iron supply. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T16:56:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-87df8cc5de7a49c08097536e777d80fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1544-9173 1545-7885 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T16:56:11Z |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| series | PLoS Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-87df8cc5de7a49c08097536e777d80fa2022-12-21T22:53:58ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Biology1544-91731545-78852012-01-01102e100126910.1371/journal.pbio.1001269Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway.Keiji NishidaPamela A SilverMost organisms are simply diamagnetic, while magnetotactic bacteria and migratory animals are among organisms that exploit magnetism. Biogenic magnetization not only is of fundamental interest, but also has industrial potential. However, the key factor(s) that enable biogenic magnetization in coordination with other cellular functions and metabolism remain unknown. To address the requirements for induction and the application of synthetic bio-magnetism, we explored the creation of magnetism in a simple model organism. Cell magnetization was first observed by attraction towards a magnet when normally diamagnetic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown with ferric citrate. The magnetization was further enhanced by genetic modification of iron homeostasis and introduction of ferritin. The acquired magnetizable properties enabled the cells to be attracted to a magnet, and be trapped by a magnetic column. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry confirmed and quantitatively characterized the acquired paramagnetism. Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed electron-dense iron-containing aggregates within the magnetized cells. Magnetization-based screening of gene knockouts identified Tco89p, a component of TORC1 (Target of rapamycin complex 1), as important for magnetization; loss of TCO89 and treatment with rapamycin reduced magnetization in a TCO89-dependent manner. The TCO89 expression level positively correlated with magnetization, enabling inducible magnetization. Several carbon metabolism genes were also shown to affect magnetization. Redox mediators indicated that TCO89 alters the intracellular redox to an oxidized state in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated that synthetic induction of magnetization is possible and that the key factors are local redox control through carbon metabolism and iron supply.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3289596?pdf=render |
| spellingShingle | Keiji Nishida Pamela A Silver Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. PLoS Biology |
| title | Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. |
| title_full | Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. |
| title_fullStr | Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. |
| title_short | Induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. |
| title_sort | induction of biogenic magnetization and redox control by a component of the target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway |
| url | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3289596?pdf=render |
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