A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic envi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/16/2147 |
| _version_ | 1797521797950734336 |
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| author | Anjali Krishnan Xiaozhen Mou |
| author_facet | Anjali Krishnan Xiaozhen Mou |
| author_sort | Anjali Krishnan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Once released from cyanobacterial cells, MCs are subjected to physical chemical and biological transformations in natural environments. MCs can also be taken up and accumulated in aquatic organisms and their grazers/predators and induce toxic effects in several organisms, including humans. This brief review aimed to summarize our current understanding on the chemical structure, exposure pathway, cytotoxicity, biosynthesis, and environmental transformation of microcystins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:17:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8808b5e5c396429a888de8d5ee2d5175 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:17:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-8808b5e5c396429a888de8d5ee2d51752023-11-22T10:13:17ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-08-011316214710.3390/w13162147A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of MicrocystinsAnjali Krishnan0Xiaozhen Mou1Biological Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USABiological Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USAHarmful cyanobacterial blooms pose an environmental health hazard due to the release of water-soluble cyanotoxins. One of the most prevalent cyanotoxins in nature is microcystins (MCs), a class of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, and they are produced by several common cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Once released from cyanobacterial cells, MCs are subjected to physical chemical and biological transformations in natural environments. MCs can also be taken up and accumulated in aquatic organisms and their grazers/predators and induce toxic effects in several organisms, including humans. This brief review aimed to summarize our current understanding on the chemical structure, exposure pathway, cytotoxicity, biosynthesis, and environmental transformation of microcystins.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/16/2147microcystinshepatotoxincyanotoxins |
| spellingShingle | Anjali Krishnan Xiaozhen Mou A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins Water microcystins hepatotoxin cyanotoxins |
| title | A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins |
| title_full | A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins |
| title_fullStr | A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins |
| title_short | A Brief Review of the Structure, Cytotoxicity, Synthesis, and Biodegradation of Microcystins |
| title_sort | brief review of the structure cytotoxicity synthesis and biodegradation of microcystins |
| topic | microcystins hepatotoxin cyanotoxins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/16/2147 |
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