Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake
Mycotoxins are an important class of pollutants that are toxic and hazardous to animal and human health. Consequently, various methods have been explored to abate their effects, among which adsorbent has found prominent application. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/115 |
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| author | Atena Abbasi Pirouz Jinap Selamat Shahzad Zafar Iqbal Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin |
| author_facet | Atena Abbasi Pirouz Jinap Selamat Shahzad Zafar Iqbal Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin |
| author_sort | Atena Abbasi Pirouz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycotoxins are an important class of pollutants that are toxic and hazardous to animal and human health. Consequently, various methods have been explored to abate their effects, among which adsorbent has found prominent application. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) has recently been applied for the concurrent evaluation of multiple mycotoxins. This study investigated the optimization of the simultaneous removal of mycotoxins in palm kernel cake (PKC) using chitosan. The removal of 11 mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub> and AFG<sub>2</sub>), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) and trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 and T-2 toxin) from palm kernel cake (PKC) was studied. The effects of operating parameters such as pH (3−6), temperature (30−50 °C) and time (4−8 h) on the removal of the mycotoxins were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Response surface models obtained with <i>R<sup>2</sup></i> values ranging from 0.89−0.98 fitted well with the experimental data, except for the trichothecenes. The optimum point was obtained at pH 4, 8 h and 35 °C. The maximum removal achieved with chitosan for AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub>, AFG<sub>2</sub>, OTA, ZEA, FB<sub>1</sub> and FB<sub>2</sub> under the optimized conditions were 94.35, 45.90, 82.11, 84.29, 90.03, 51.30, 90.53 and 90.18%, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:41:13Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:41:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-8821c00eb18740109bd3fff437fe094e2022-12-22T04:01:35ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-02-0112211510.3390/toxins12020115toxins12020115Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel CakeAtena Abbasi Pirouz0Jinap Selamat1Shahzad Zafar Iqbal2Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin3Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaLaboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Punjab, PakistanLaboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaMycotoxins are an important class of pollutants that are toxic and hazardous to animal and human health. Consequently, various methods have been explored to abate their effects, among which adsorbent has found prominent application. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) has recently been applied for the concurrent evaluation of multiple mycotoxins. This study investigated the optimization of the simultaneous removal of mycotoxins in palm kernel cake (PKC) using chitosan. The removal of 11 mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub> and AFG<sub>2</sub>), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) and trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 and T-2 toxin) from palm kernel cake (PKC) was studied. The effects of operating parameters such as pH (3−6), temperature (30−50 °C) and time (4−8 h) on the removal of the mycotoxins were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Response surface models obtained with <i>R<sup>2</sup></i> values ranging from 0.89−0.98 fitted well with the experimental data, except for the trichothecenes. The optimum point was obtained at pH 4, 8 h and 35 °C. The maximum removal achieved with chitosan for AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub>, AFG<sub>2</sub>, OTA, ZEA, FB<sub>1</sub> and FB<sub>2</sub> under the optimized conditions were 94.35, 45.90, 82.11, 84.29, 90.03, 51.30, 90.53 and 90.18%, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/115chitosanmycotoxinsdetoxificationlc-ms/msoptimization |
| spellingShingle | Atena Abbasi Pirouz Jinap Selamat Shahzad Zafar Iqbal Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake Toxins chitosan mycotoxins detoxification lc-ms/ms optimization |
| title | Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake |
| title_full | Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake |
| title_fullStr | Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake |
| title_short | Efficient and Simultaneous Chitosan-Mediated Removal of 11 Mycotoxins from Palm Kernel Cake |
| title_sort | efficient and simultaneous chitosan mediated removal of 11 mycotoxins from palm kernel cake |
| topic | chitosan mycotoxins detoxification lc-ms/ms optimization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/2/115 |
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