Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins
Exosomes and exomeres are the smallest microparticles ranging from 20 to 130 nm in diameter. They are found in almost all biological fluids. Exosomes and exomeres are of considerable interest since they can be involved in intercellular signaling and are biological markers of the state of cells, whic...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Membranes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/6/618 |
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| author | Sergey Landa Nicolay Verlov Natalia Fedorova Mikhail Filatov Rimma Pantina Vladimir Burdakov Elena Varfolomeeva Vladimir Emanuel |
| author_facet | Sergey Landa Nicolay Verlov Natalia Fedorova Mikhail Filatov Rimma Pantina Vladimir Burdakov Elena Varfolomeeva Vladimir Emanuel |
| author_sort | Sergey Landa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exosomes and exomeres are the smallest microparticles ranging from 20 to 130 nm in diameter. They are found in almost all biological fluids. Exosomes and exomeres are of considerable interest since they can be involved in intercellular signaling and are biological markers of the state of cells, which can be used for diagnostics. The nomenclature of exosomes remains poorly developed. Most researchers try to classify them based on the mode of formation, physicochemical characteristics, and the presence of tetrasporin markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. The data presented in this work show that although exomeres carry tetrasporin biomarkers, they differ from exosomes strongly in lipid composition, especially in cholesterol content. The production of exomeres by cells is associated with the synthesis of cholesterol in cells and is expressed or suppressed by regulators of the synthesis of mevalonate, an intermediate product of cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the work shows that the concentration of extracellular particles in the body correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma, but weakly correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in lipoproteins. This suggests that not all plasma cholesterol is associated with lipoproteins, as previously thought. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:05:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-88241a31d2cc4e7b8a85b79057ef3d5e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0375 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:05:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Membranes |
| spelling | doaj.art-88241a31d2cc4e7b8a85b79057ef3d5e2023-11-23T17:54:52ZengMDPI AGMembranes2077-03752022-06-0112661810.3390/membranes12060618Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with LipoproteinsSergey Landa0Nicolay Verlov1Natalia Fedorova2Mikhail Filatov3Rimma Pantina4Vladimir Burdakov5Elena Varfolomeeva6Vladimir Emanuel7Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, RussiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, St. Petersburg State Medical University, I.P. Pavlova of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 9, Lev Tolstoy St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, RussiaExosomes and exomeres are the smallest microparticles ranging from 20 to 130 nm in diameter. They are found in almost all biological fluids. Exosomes and exomeres are of considerable interest since they can be involved in intercellular signaling and are biological markers of the state of cells, which can be used for diagnostics. The nomenclature of exosomes remains poorly developed. Most researchers try to classify them based on the mode of formation, physicochemical characteristics, and the presence of tetrasporin markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. The data presented in this work show that although exomeres carry tetrasporin biomarkers, they differ from exosomes strongly in lipid composition, especially in cholesterol content. The production of exomeres by cells is associated with the synthesis of cholesterol in cells and is expressed or suppressed by regulators of the synthesis of mevalonate, an intermediate product of cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the work shows that the concentration of extracellular particles in the body correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma, but weakly correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in lipoproteins. This suggests that not all plasma cholesterol is associated with lipoproteins, as previously thought.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/6/618exomeresexosomescholesterollipoproteinsdynamic light scattering |
| spellingShingle | Sergey Landa Nicolay Verlov Natalia Fedorova Mikhail Filatov Rimma Pantina Vladimir Burdakov Elena Varfolomeeva Vladimir Emanuel Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins Membranes exomeres exosomes cholesterol lipoproteins dynamic light scattering |
| title | Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins |
| title_full | Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins |
| title_fullStr | Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins |
| title_short | Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins |
| title_sort | extracellular particles as carriers of cholesterol not associated with lipoproteins |
| topic | exomeres exosomes cholesterol lipoproteins dynamic light scattering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/6/618 |
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