Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells
Plant-based proteins, in particular pulse proteins, have grown in popularity worldwide. Germination, or sprouting, is an effective method to release peptides and other dietary compounds. However, the combination of germination and gastrointestinal digestion in enhancing the release of dietary compou...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-05-01
|
| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/5/1114 |
| _version_ | 1797601268113342464 |
|---|---|
| author | Ashley Newton Kaustav Majumder |
| author_facet | Ashley Newton Kaustav Majumder |
| author_sort | Ashley Newton |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plant-based proteins, in particular pulse proteins, have grown in popularity worldwide. Germination, or sprouting, is an effective method to release peptides and other dietary compounds. However, the combination of germination and gastrointestinal digestion in enhancing the release of dietary compounds with potential health-beneficial biological activity has yet to be entirely elucidated. The present study illustrates the impact of germination and gastrointestinal digestion on the release of dietary compounds with antioxidant activity from chickpeas (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.). Germination up to 3 days (D0 to D3) increased the peptide content by denaturing chickpea storage proteins and increased the degree of hydrolysis (DH) in the gastric phase. The antioxidant activity was measured at three different dosages (10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and compared between D0 and D3 on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). A significant increase in antioxidant activity was observed in the D3 germinated samples in all three tested dosages. Further analysis identified 10 peptides and 7 phytochemicals differentially expressed between the D0 and D3 germinated samples. Among the differentially expressed compounds, 3 phytochemicals (2′,4′-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone, isoliquiritigenin 4-methyl ether, and 3-methoxy-4,2′,5′-trihydroxychalcone) and 1 peptide (His-Ala-Lys) were identified only in the D3 samples, indicating their potential contribution towards the observed antioxidant activity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:59:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-882ea55857534e398aee7c95f6165378 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:59:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-882ea55857534e398aee7c95f61653782023-11-18T00:15:49ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-05-01125111410.3390/antiox12051114Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial CellsAshley Newton0Kaustav Majumder1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA256 Food Innovation Center, Nebraska Innovation Campus, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USAPlant-based proteins, in particular pulse proteins, have grown in popularity worldwide. Germination, or sprouting, is an effective method to release peptides and other dietary compounds. However, the combination of germination and gastrointestinal digestion in enhancing the release of dietary compounds with potential health-beneficial biological activity has yet to be entirely elucidated. The present study illustrates the impact of germination and gastrointestinal digestion on the release of dietary compounds with antioxidant activity from chickpeas (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.). Germination up to 3 days (D0 to D3) increased the peptide content by denaturing chickpea storage proteins and increased the degree of hydrolysis (DH) in the gastric phase. The antioxidant activity was measured at three different dosages (10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and compared between D0 and D3 on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). A significant increase in antioxidant activity was observed in the D3 germinated samples in all three tested dosages. Further analysis identified 10 peptides and 7 phytochemicals differentially expressed between the D0 and D3 germinated samples. Among the differentially expressed compounds, 3 phytochemicals (2′,4′-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone, isoliquiritigenin 4-methyl ether, and 3-methoxy-4,2′,5′-trihydroxychalcone) and 1 peptide (His-Ala-Lys) were identified only in the D3 samples, indicating their potential contribution towards the observed antioxidant activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/5/1114chickpeagerminationgastrointestinal digestionantioxidant activitybioactive peptides |
| spellingShingle | Ashley Newton Kaustav Majumder Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells Antioxidants chickpea germination gastrointestinal digestion antioxidant activity bioactive peptides |
| title | Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells |
| title_full | Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells |
| title_fullStr | Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells |
| title_short | Germination and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) in Exhibiting In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells |
| title_sort | germination and simulated gastrointestinal digestion of chickpea i cicer arietinum i l in exhibiting in vitro antioxidant activity in gastrointestinal epithelial cells |
| topic | chickpea germination gastrointestinal digestion antioxidant activity bioactive peptides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/5/1114 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ashleynewton germinationandsimulatedgastrointestinaldigestionofchickpeaicicerarietinumilinexhibitinginvitroantioxidantactivityingastrointestinalepithelialcells AT kaustavmajumder germinationandsimulatedgastrointestinaldigestionofchickpeaicicerarietinumilinexhibitinginvitroantioxidantactivityingastrointestinalepithelialcells |