Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz
Updating the road infrastructure requires the potential mass adoption of the road studs currently used in car detection, speed monitoring, and path marking. Road studs commonly include RF transceivers connecting the buried sensors to an offsite base station for centralized data management. Since tra...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1669 |
| _version_ | 1797623126119415808 |
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| author | Vlad Marsic Soroush Faramehr Joe Fleming Peter Ball Shumao Ou Petar Igic |
| author_facet | Vlad Marsic Soroush Faramehr Joe Fleming Peter Ball Shumao Ou Petar Igic |
| author_sort | Vlad Marsic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Updating the road infrastructure requires the potential mass adoption of the road studs currently used in car detection, speed monitoring, and path marking. Road studs commonly include RF transceivers connecting the buried sensors to an offsite base station for centralized data management. Since traffic monitoring experiments through buried sensors are resource expensive and difficult, the literature detailing it is insufficient and inaccessible due to various strategic reasons. Moreover, as the main RF frequencies adopted for stud communication are either 868/915 MHz or 2.4 GHz, the radio coverage differs, and it is not readily predictable due to the low-power communication in the near proximity of the ground. This work delivers a reference study on low-power RF communication ranging for the two above frequencies up to 60 m. The experimental setup employs successive measurements and repositioning of a base station at three different heights of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m, and is accompanied by an extensive theoretical analysis of propagation, including line of sight, diffraction, and wall reflection. Enhancing the tutorial value of this work, a correlation analysis using Pearson’s coefficient and root mean square error is performed between the field test and simulation results. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:24:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-883f2b2670e643a59dd75ac5e86f1a43 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:24:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-883f2b2670e643a59dd75ac5e86f1a432023-11-16T18:04:27ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-02-01233166910.3390/s23031669Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHzVlad Marsic0Soroush Faramehr1Joe Fleming2Peter Ball3Shumao Ou4Petar Igic5Centre for Advanced Low Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UKCentre for Advanced Low Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UKCentre for Advanced Low Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UKSchool of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley Campus, Wheatley, Oxford OX33 1HX, UKSchool of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley Campus, Wheatley, Oxford OX33 1HX, UKCentre for Advanced Low Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UKUpdating the road infrastructure requires the potential mass adoption of the road studs currently used in car detection, speed monitoring, and path marking. Road studs commonly include RF transceivers connecting the buried sensors to an offsite base station for centralized data management. Since traffic monitoring experiments through buried sensors are resource expensive and difficult, the literature detailing it is insufficient and inaccessible due to various strategic reasons. Moreover, as the main RF frequencies adopted for stud communication are either 868/915 MHz or 2.4 GHz, the radio coverage differs, and it is not readily predictable due to the low-power communication in the near proximity of the ground. This work delivers a reference study on low-power RF communication ranging for the two above frequencies up to 60 m. The experimental setup employs successive measurements and repositioning of a base station at three different heights of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m, and is accompanied by an extensive theoretical analysis of propagation, including line of sight, diffraction, and wall reflection. Enhancing the tutorial value of this work, a correlation analysis using Pearson’s coefficient and root mean square error is performed between the field test and simulation results.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1669RF868 MHz2.4 GHzroad sensorsroad studscar detection |
| spellingShingle | Vlad Marsic Soroush Faramehr Joe Fleming Peter Ball Shumao Ou Petar Igic Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz Sensors RF 868 MHz 2.4 GHz road sensors road studs car detection |
| title | Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz |
| title_full | Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz |
| title_fullStr | Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz |
| title_short | Buried RF Sensors for Smart Road Infrastructure: Empirical Communication Range Testing, Propagation by Line of Sight, Diffraction and Reflection Model and Technology Comparison for 868 MHz–2.4 GHz |
| title_sort | buried rf sensors for smart road infrastructure empirical communication range testing propagation by line of sight diffraction and reflection model and technology comparison for 868 mhz 2 4 ghz |
| topic | RF 868 MHz 2.4 GHz road sensors road studs car detection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1669 |
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