On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies
Indoor localization is a key research area and has been stated as a major goal for Sixth Generation (6G) communications. Indoor localization faces many challenges, such as harsh wireless propagation channels, cluttered and dynamic environments, non-line-of-sight conditions, etc. There are various te...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8598 |
| _version_ | 1797572267178196992 |
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| author | Samuel G. Leitch Qasim Zeeshan Ahmed Waqas Bin Abbas Maryam Hafeez Pavlos I. Laziridis Pradorn Sureephong Temitope Alade |
| author_facet | Samuel G. Leitch Qasim Zeeshan Ahmed Waqas Bin Abbas Maryam Hafeez Pavlos I. Laziridis Pradorn Sureephong Temitope Alade |
| author_sort | Samuel G. Leitch |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Indoor localization is a key research area and has been stated as a major goal for Sixth Generation (6G) communications. Indoor localization faces many challenges, such as harsh wireless propagation channels, cluttered and dynamic environments, non-line-of-sight conditions, etc. There are various technologies that can be applied to address these issues. In this paper, four major technologies for implementing an indoor localization system are reviewed: Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Radio (UWB), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU). Sections on Data Fusion (DF) and Machine Learning (ML) have been included as well due to their key role in Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS). These technologies have been categorized based on the techniques that they employ and the associated errors in localization. A brief comparison between these technologies is made based on specific performance metrics. Finally, the limitations of these techniques are identified to aid future research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:53:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8855765d7ccf4bbeb8f73d8cdfdcca52 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:53:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-8855765d7ccf4bbeb8f73d8cdfdcca522023-11-19T18:05:21ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-10-012320859810.3390/s23208598On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU TechnologiesSamuel G. Leitch0Qasim Zeeshan Ahmed1Waqas Bin Abbas2Maryam Hafeez3Pavlos I. Laziridis4Pradorn Sureephong5Temitope Alade6Department of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UKDepartment of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UKDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UKDepartment of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UKDepartment of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UKCollege of Arts, Media and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Computer Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UKIndoor localization is a key research area and has been stated as a major goal for Sixth Generation (6G) communications. Indoor localization faces many challenges, such as harsh wireless propagation channels, cluttered and dynamic environments, non-line-of-sight conditions, etc. There are various technologies that can be applied to address these issues. In this paper, four major technologies for implementing an indoor localization system are reviewed: Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Radio (UWB), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU). Sections on Data Fusion (DF) and Machine Learning (ML) have been included as well due to their key role in Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS). These technologies have been categorized based on the techniques that they employ and the associated errors in localization. A brief comparison between these technologies is made based on specific performance metrics. Finally, the limitations of these techniques are identified to aid future research.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/85986GBLEdata fusionindoor localizationIMUPDR |
| spellingShingle | Samuel G. Leitch Qasim Zeeshan Ahmed Waqas Bin Abbas Maryam Hafeez Pavlos I. Laziridis Pradorn Sureephong Temitope Alade On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies Sensors 6G BLE data fusion indoor localization IMU PDR |
| title | On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies |
| title_full | On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies |
| title_fullStr | On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies |
| title_full_unstemmed | On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies |
| title_short | On Indoor Localization Using WiFi, BLE, UWB, and IMU Technologies |
| title_sort | on indoor localization using wifi ble uwb and imu technologies |
| topic | 6G BLE data fusion indoor localization IMU PDR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/20/8598 |
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