Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia
Abstract Background Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test–retest reliability...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03041-4 |
| _version_ | 1818611817358819328 |
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| author | Kuan-Wei Chen Ya-Chen Lee Tzu-Ying Yu Li-Jung Cheng Chien-Yu Chao Ching-Lin Hsieh |
| author_facet | Kuan-Wei Chen Ya-Chen Lee Tzu-Ying Yu Li-Jung Cheng Chien-Yu Chao Ching-Lin Hsieh |
| author_sort | Kuan-Wei Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test–retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4. Results The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen’s d = − 0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test–retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good. Conclusions These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T15:36:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-88687ec8796944b1ad4130c9a3a34334 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T15:36:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-88687ec8796944b1ad4130c9a3a343342022-12-21T22:26:10ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2021-01-012111810.1186/s12888-021-03041-4Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophreniaKuan-Wei Chen0Ya-Chen Lee1Tzu-Ying Yu2Li-Jung Cheng3Chien-Yu Chao4Ching-Lin Hsieh5Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric HospitalDepartment of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia UniversityDepartment of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, I-Shou UniversityDepartment of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric HospitalDepartment of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric HospitalDepartment of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia UniversityAbstract Background Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test–retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4. Results The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen’s d = − 0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test–retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good. Conclusions These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03041-4CognitionFluid intelligenceIntelligencePsychometricsSchizophrenia |
| spellingShingle | Kuan-Wei Chen Ya-Chen Lee Tzu-Ying Yu Li-Jung Cheng Chien-Yu Chao Ching-Lin Hsieh Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia BMC Psychiatry Cognition Fluid intelligence Intelligence Psychometrics Schizophrenia |
| title | Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia |
| title_full | Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia |
| title_fullStr | Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia |
| title_short | Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia |
| title_sort | test retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia |
| topic | Cognition Fluid intelligence Intelligence Psychometrics Schizophrenia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03041-4 |
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