| Summary: | Chemical characterization of kraft lignin (KL) from mixed hardwoods (<i>Acacia</i> spp. from Vietnam and mixed hardwoods (mainly <i>Quercus</i> spp.) from Korea) was conducted for its future applications. To compare the structural changes that occurred in KL, two milled wood lignins (MWLs) were prepared from the same hardwood samples used in the production of KL. Elemental analysis showed that the MWL from acacia (MWL-aca) and mixed hardwood (MWL-mhw) had almost similar carbon content, methoxyl content, and C<sub>9</sub> formula. KL had high carbon content but low oxygen and methoxyl contents compared to MWLs. The C<sub>9</sub> formula of KL was determined to be C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>7.29</sub>O<sub>2.26</sub>N<sub>0.07</sub>S<sub>0.12</sub>(OCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>1.24</sub>. The M<sub>w</sub> of KL and MWLs was about 3000 Da and 12,000–13,000 Da, respectively. The structural features of KL and MWLs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (<sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C NMR). The analyses indicated that KL underwent severe structural modifications, such as γ-carbon cleavage, demethylation, and polycondensation reactions during kraft pulping, which resulted in increased aromatic content and decreased aliphatic content. The main linkages in lignin, β-O-4 moieties, were hardly detected in the analysis as these linkages were extensively cleaved by nucleophilic attack of SH<sup>-</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup> during pulping.
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