Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges
Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the mi...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/3/199 |
| _version_ | 1797445747159859200 |
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| author | Paz Otero Marisa Silva |
| author_facet | Paz Otero Marisa Silva |
| author_sort | Paz Otero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe’s temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:31:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-888e9b8b34e5475c8cdf456aaf74732c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:31:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-888e9b8b34e5475c8cdf456aaf74732c2023-11-30T21:18:12ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972022-03-0120319910.3390/md20030199Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical ChallengesPaz Otero0Marisa Silva1Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, SpainMARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, PortugalHarmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe’s temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/3/199emerging toxinEuropean waterspoisoning risksdetection methods |
| spellingShingle | Paz Otero Marisa Silva Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges Marine Drugs emerging toxin European waters poisoning risks detection methods |
| title | Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges |
| title_full | Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges |
| title_fullStr | Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges |
| title_short | Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges |
| title_sort | emerging marine biotoxins in european waters potential risks and analytical challenges |
| topic | emerging toxin European waters poisoning risks detection methods |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/3/199 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pazotero emergingmarinebiotoxinsineuropeanwaterspotentialrisksandanalyticalchallenges AT marisasilva emergingmarinebiotoxinsineuropeanwaterspotentialrisksandanalyticalchallenges |