Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022
Human monkeypox, caused by monkeypox virus, has spread unprecedentedly to more than 100 countries since May 2022. Here we summarized the epidemiology of monkeypox through a literature review and elucidated the risks and elimination strategies of this outbreak mainly based on the summarized epidemiol...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.1064766/full |
| _version_ | 1828127077254037504 |
|---|---|
| author | Ji-Ming Chen Rui-Xu Chen Huan-Yu Gong Meng-Meng Zhao Yu-Fei Ji Ming-Hui Sun Guo-Hui Li Su-Mei Tan Gui-Hong Zhang Ji-Wang Chen |
| author_facet | Ji-Ming Chen Rui-Xu Chen Huan-Yu Gong Meng-Meng Zhao Yu-Fei Ji Ming-Hui Sun Guo-Hui Li Su-Mei Tan Gui-Hong Zhang Ji-Wang Chen |
| author_sort | Ji-Ming Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human monkeypox, caused by monkeypox virus, has spread unprecedentedly to more than 100 countries since May 2022. Here we summarized the epidemiology of monkeypox through a literature review and elucidated the risks and elimination strategies of this outbreak mainly based on the summarized epidemiology. We demonstrated that monkeypox virus became more contagious and less virulent in 2022, which could result from the fact that the virus entered a special transmission network favoring close contacts (i.e., sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men outside Africa) and the possibility that the virus accumulated a few adaptive mutations. We gave the reasons to investigate whether cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs are susceptible to monkeypox virus and whether infection with monkeypox virus could be latent in some primates. We listed six potential scenarios for the future of the outbreak (e.g., the outbreak could lead to endemicity outside Africa with increased transmissibility or virulence). We also listed multiple factors aiding or impeding the elimination of the outbreak. We showed that the control measures strengthened worldwide after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) could eliminate the outbreak in 2022. We clarified eight strategies, i.e., publicity and education, case isolation, vaccine stockpiling, risk-based vaccination or ring vaccination, importation quarantine, international collaboration, and laboratory management, for the elimination of the outbreak. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T15:44:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-88b6cd753836482eb213f85e737653f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T15:44:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-88b6cd753836482eb213f85e737653f32022-12-22T04:15:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692022-11-01910.3389/fvets.2022.10647661064766Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022Ji-Ming Chen0Rui-Xu Chen1Huan-Yu Gong2Meng-Meng Zhao3Yu-Fei Ji4Ming-Hui Sun5Guo-Hui Li6Su-Mei Tan7Gui-Hong Zhang8Ji-Wang Chen9School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United StatesHuman monkeypox, caused by monkeypox virus, has spread unprecedentedly to more than 100 countries since May 2022. Here we summarized the epidemiology of monkeypox through a literature review and elucidated the risks and elimination strategies of this outbreak mainly based on the summarized epidemiology. We demonstrated that monkeypox virus became more contagious and less virulent in 2022, which could result from the fact that the virus entered a special transmission network favoring close contacts (i.e., sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men outside Africa) and the possibility that the virus accumulated a few adaptive mutations. We gave the reasons to investigate whether cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs are susceptible to monkeypox virus and whether infection with monkeypox virus could be latent in some primates. We listed six potential scenarios for the future of the outbreak (e.g., the outbreak could lead to endemicity outside Africa with increased transmissibility or virulence). We also listed multiple factors aiding or impeding the elimination of the outbreak. We showed that the control measures strengthened worldwide after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) could eliminate the outbreak in 2022. We clarified eight strategies, i.e., publicity and education, case isolation, vaccine stockpiling, risk-based vaccination or ring vaccination, importation quarantine, international collaboration, and laboratory management, for the elimination of the outbreak.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.1064766/fullmonkeypoxriskeliminationepidemiologyoutbreakprediction |
| spellingShingle | Ji-Ming Chen Rui-Xu Chen Huan-Yu Gong Meng-Meng Zhao Yu-Fei Ji Ming-Hui Sun Guo-Hui Li Su-Mei Tan Gui-Hong Zhang Ji-Wang Chen Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 Frontiers in Veterinary Science monkeypox risk elimination epidemiology outbreak prediction |
| title | Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 |
| title_full | Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 |
| title_short | Epidemiology-based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 |
| title_sort | epidemiology based analysis of the risks and elimination strategies of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 |
| topic | monkeypox risk elimination epidemiology outbreak prediction |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.1064766/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jimingchen epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT ruixuchen epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT huanyugong epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT mengmengzhao epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT yufeiji epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT minghuisun epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT guohuili epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT sumeitan epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT guihongzhang epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 AT jiwangchen epidemiologybasedanalysisoftherisksandeliminationstrategiesofthemonkeypoxoutbreakin2022 |