Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
To comparatively investigate the morphological adaptation of the human foot for achieving robust and efficient bipedal locomotion, we develop three-dimensional finite element models of the human and chimpanzee feet. Foot bones and the outer surface of the foot are extracted from computer tomography...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.760486/full |
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| author | Kohta Ito Kohta Ito Tomoya Nakamura Ryo Suzuki Takuo Negishi Takuo Negishi Motoharu Oishi Takeo Nagura Masahiro Jinzaki Naomichi Ogihara Naomichi Ogihara |
| author_facet | Kohta Ito Kohta Ito Tomoya Nakamura Ryo Suzuki Takuo Negishi Takuo Negishi Motoharu Oishi Takeo Nagura Masahiro Jinzaki Naomichi Ogihara Naomichi Ogihara |
| author_sort | Kohta Ito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To comparatively investigate the morphological adaptation of the human foot for achieving robust and efficient bipedal locomotion, we develop three-dimensional finite element models of the human and chimpanzee feet. Foot bones and the outer surface of the foot are extracted from computer tomography images and meshed with tetrahedral elements. The ligaments and plantar fascia are represented by tension-only spring elements. The contacts between the bones and between the foot and ground are solved using frictionless and Coulomb friction contact algorithms, respectively. Physiologically realistic loading conditions of the feet during quiet bipedal standing are simulated. Our results indicate that the center of pressure (COP) is located more anteriorly in the human foot than in the chimpanzee foot, indicating a larger stability margin in bipedal posture in humans. Furthermore, the vertical free moment generated by the coupling motion of the calcaneus and tibia during axial loading is larger in the human foot, which can facilitate the compensation of the net yaw moment of the body around the COP during bipedal locomotion. Furthermore, the human foot can store elastic energy more effectively during axial loading for the effective generation of propulsive force in the late stance phase. This computational framework for a comparative investigation of the causal relationship among the morphology, kinematics, and kinetics of the foot may provide a better understanding regarding the functional significance of the morphological features of the human foot. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T05:31:17Z |
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| id | doaj.art-88be1fc5ac58452eb473fe68b15916f1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-4185 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T05:31:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
| spelling | doaj.art-88be1fc5ac58452eb473fe68b15916f12022-12-21T21:19:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852022-01-01910.3389/fbioe.2021.760486760486Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element AnalysisKohta Ito0Kohta Ito1Tomoya Nakamura2Ryo Suzuki3Takuo Negishi4Takuo Negishi5Motoharu Oishi6Takeo Nagura7Masahiro Jinzaki8Naomichi Ogihara9Naomichi Ogihara10Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, JapanGraduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, JapanDepartment of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, JapanDepartment of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, JapanDepartment of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanTo comparatively investigate the morphological adaptation of the human foot for achieving robust and efficient bipedal locomotion, we develop three-dimensional finite element models of the human and chimpanzee feet. Foot bones and the outer surface of the foot are extracted from computer tomography images and meshed with tetrahedral elements. The ligaments and plantar fascia are represented by tension-only spring elements. The contacts between the bones and between the foot and ground are solved using frictionless and Coulomb friction contact algorithms, respectively. Physiologically realistic loading conditions of the feet during quiet bipedal standing are simulated. Our results indicate that the center of pressure (COP) is located more anteriorly in the human foot than in the chimpanzee foot, indicating a larger stability margin in bipedal posture in humans. Furthermore, the vertical free moment generated by the coupling motion of the calcaneus and tibia during axial loading is larger in the human foot, which can facilitate the compensation of the net yaw moment of the body around the COP during bipedal locomotion. Furthermore, the human foot can store elastic energy more effectively during axial loading for the effective generation of propulsive force in the late stance phase. This computational framework for a comparative investigation of the causal relationship among the morphology, kinematics, and kinetics of the foot may provide a better understanding regarding the functional significance of the morphological features of the human foot.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.760486/fullfoot biomechanicsevolutionbipedal locomotionvertical free momentfoot musculoskeletal model |
| spellingShingle | Kohta Ito Kohta Ito Tomoya Nakamura Ryo Suzuki Takuo Negishi Takuo Negishi Motoharu Oishi Takeo Nagura Masahiro Jinzaki Naomichi Ogihara Naomichi Ogihara Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology foot biomechanics evolution bipedal locomotion vertical free moment foot musculoskeletal model |
| title | Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis |
| title_full | Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis |
| title_short | Comparative Functional Morphology of Human and Chimpanzee Feet Based on Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis |
| title_sort | comparative functional morphology of human and chimpanzee feet based on three dimensional finite element analysis |
| topic | foot biomechanics evolution bipedal locomotion vertical free moment foot musculoskeletal model |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.760486/full |
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