Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach
Freshwater bodies receive waste, feces, and fecal microorganisms from agricultural, urban, and natural activities. In this study, the probable sources of fecal contamination were determined. Also, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected in the two main rivers of central Chile. Surface wate...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.768527/full |
| _version_ | 1811238310453968896 |
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| author | Constanza Díaz-Gavidia Constanza Díaz-Gavidia Carla Barría Carla Barría Daniel L. Weller Daniel L. Weller Marilia Salgado-Caxito Marilia Salgado-Caxito Erika M. Estrada Aníbal Araya Aníbal Araya Leonardo Vera Woutrina Smith Minji Kim Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Jorge Olivares-Pacheco Jorge Olivares-Pacheco Aiko D. Adell Aiko D. Adell |
| author_facet | Constanza Díaz-Gavidia Constanza Díaz-Gavidia Carla Barría Carla Barría Daniel L. Weller Daniel L. Weller Marilia Salgado-Caxito Marilia Salgado-Caxito Erika M. Estrada Aníbal Araya Aníbal Araya Leonardo Vera Woutrina Smith Minji Kim Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Jorge Olivares-Pacheco Jorge Olivares-Pacheco Aiko D. Adell Aiko D. Adell |
| author_sort | Constanza Díaz-Gavidia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Freshwater bodies receive waste, feces, and fecal microorganisms from agricultural, urban, and natural activities. In this study, the probable sources of fecal contamination were determined. Also, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected in the two main rivers of central Chile. Surface water samples were collected from 12 sampling sites in the Maipo (n = 8) and Maule Rivers (n = 4) every 3 months, from August 2017 until April 2019. To determine the fecal contamination level, fecal coliforms were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method and the source of fecal contamination was determined by Microbial Source Tracking (MST) using the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotyping method. Separately, to determine if antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMB) were present in the rivers, Escherichia coli and environmental bacteria were isolated, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined. Fecal coliform levels in the Maule and Maipo Rivers ranged between 1 and 130 MPN/100-ml, and 2 and 30,000 MPN/100-ml, respectively. Based on the MST results using Cryptosporidium and Giardia host-specific species, human, cattle, birds, and/or dogs hosts were the probable sources of fecal contamination in both rivers, with human and cattle host-specific species being more frequently detected. Conditional tree analysis indicated that coliform levels were significantly associated with the river system (Maipo versus Maule), land use, and season. Fecal coliform levels were significantly (p < 0.006) higher at urban and agricultural sites than at sites immediately downstream of treatment centers, livestock areas, or natural areas. Three out of eight (37.5%) E. coli isolates presented a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype. Similarly, 6.6% (117/1768) and 5.1% (44/863) of environmental isolates, in Maipo and Maule River showed and MDR phenotype. Efforts to reduce fecal discharge into these rivers should thus focus on agriculture and urban land uses as these areas were contributing the most and more frequently to fecal contamination into the rivers, while human and cattle fecal discharges were identified as the most likely source of this fecal contamination by the MST approach. This information can be used to design better mitigation strategies, thereby reducing the burden of waterborne diseases and AMR in Central Chile. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T12:39:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-88c501f090354d52a84fb9bb79e3c3f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T12:39:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-88c501f090354d52a84fb9bb79e3c3f32022-12-22T03:32:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2022-06-011310.3389/fmicb.2022.768527768527Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking ApproachConstanza Díaz-Gavidia0Constanza Díaz-Gavidia1Carla Barría2Carla Barría3Daniel L. Weller4Daniel L. Weller5Marilia Salgado-Caxito6Marilia Salgado-Caxito7Erika M. Estrada8Aníbal Araya9Aníbal Araya10Leonardo Vera11Woutrina Smith12Minji Kim13Andrea I. Moreno-Switt14Andrea I. Moreno-Switt15Jorge Olivares-Pacheco16Jorge Olivares-Pacheco17Aiko D. Adell18Aiko D. Adell19Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileDepartment of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United StatesDepartment of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United StatesMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VirginiaMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileGrupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, ChileEscuela Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileOne Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States0Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileGrupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, ChileEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileMillennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, ChileFreshwater bodies receive waste, feces, and fecal microorganisms from agricultural, urban, and natural activities. In this study, the probable sources of fecal contamination were determined. Also, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected in the two main rivers of central Chile. Surface water samples were collected from 12 sampling sites in the Maipo (n = 8) and Maule Rivers (n = 4) every 3 months, from August 2017 until April 2019. To determine the fecal contamination level, fecal coliforms were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method and the source of fecal contamination was determined by Microbial Source Tracking (MST) using the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotyping method. Separately, to determine if antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMB) were present in the rivers, Escherichia coli and environmental bacteria were isolated, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined. Fecal coliform levels in the Maule and Maipo Rivers ranged between 1 and 130 MPN/100-ml, and 2 and 30,000 MPN/100-ml, respectively. Based on the MST results using Cryptosporidium and Giardia host-specific species, human, cattle, birds, and/or dogs hosts were the probable sources of fecal contamination in both rivers, with human and cattle host-specific species being more frequently detected. Conditional tree analysis indicated that coliform levels were significantly associated with the river system (Maipo versus Maule), land use, and season. Fecal coliform levels were significantly (p < 0.006) higher at urban and agricultural sites than at sites immediately downstream of treatment centers, livestock areas, or natural areas. Three out of eight (37.5%) E. coli isolates presented a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype. Similarly, 6.6% (117/1768) and 5.1% (44/863) of environmental isolates, in Maipo and Maule River showed and MDR phenotype. Efforts to reduce fecal discharge into these rivers should thus focus on agriculture and urban land uses as these areas were contributing the most and more frequently to fecal contamination into the rivers, while human and cattle fecal discharges were identified as the most likely source of this fecal contamination by the MST approach. This information can be used to design better mitigation strategies, thereby reducing the burden of waterborne diseases and AMR in Central Chile.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.768527/fullmicrobial source trackingwater qualitywaterborne pathogensCryptosporidiumGiardiafecal coliforms |
| spellingShingle | Constanza Díaz-Gavidia Constanza Díaz-Gavidia Carla Barría Carla Barría Daniel L. Weller Daniel L. Weller Marilia Salgado-Caxito Marilia Salgado-Caxito Erika M. Estrada Aníbal Araya Aníbal Araya Leonardo Vera Woutrina Smith Minji Kim Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Jorge Olivares-Pacheco Jorge Olivares-Pacheco Aiko D. Adell Aiko D. Adell Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach Frontiers in Microbiology microbial source tracking water quality waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium Giardia fecal coliforms |
| title | Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach |
| title_full | Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach |
| title_fullStr | Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach |
| title_short | Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach |
| title_sort | humans and hoofed livestock are the main sources of fecal contamination of rivers used for crop irrigation a microbial source tracking approach |
| topic | microbial source tracking water quality waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium Giardia fecal coliforms |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.768527/full |
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