A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA
Abstract Background Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. Methods W...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2021-12-01
|
| Series: | Trials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w |
| _version_ | 1827802818079096832 |
|---|---|
| author | Angela T. Hetrick April M. Young Miriam R. Elman Sarann Bielavitz Rhonda L. Alexander Morgan Brown Elizabeth Needham Waddell P. Todd Korthuis Kathryn E. Lancaster |
| author_facet | Angela T. Hetrick April M. Young Miriam R. Elman Sarann Bielavitz Rhonda L. Alexander Morgan Brown Elizabeth Needham Waddell P. Todd Korthuis Kathryn E. Lancaster |
| author_sort | Angela T. Hetrick |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. Methods We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. Results Most participants were male (55%) and preferred methamphetamine (36%) over heroin (35%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.99). Conclusions Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T20:45:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-88dd4c3769bd49dc8a2aff9b8569d5f2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1745-6215 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T20:45:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Trials |
| spelling | doaj.art-88dd4c3769bd49dc8a2aff9b8569d5f22023-10-01T11:26:12ZengBMCTrials1745-62152021-12-0122111710.1186/s13063-021-05919-wA cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USAAngela T. Hetrick0April M. Young1Miriam R. Elman2Sarann Bielavitz3Rhonda L. Alexander4Morgan Brown5Elizabeth Needham Waddell6P. Todd Korthuis7Kathryn E. Lancaster8Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityDepartment of Epidemiology, University of KentuckyOregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public HealthOregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public HealthDepartment of Epidemiology, University of KentuckyDivision of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityOregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public HealthOregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public HealthDivision of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityAbstract Background Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. Methods We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. Results Most participants were male (55%) and preferred methamphetamine (36%) over heroin (35%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.99). Conclusions Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05919-wRuralSubstance useRecruitmentOpioidInjection drug useParticipant retention |
| spellingShingle | Angela T. Hetrick April M. Young Miriam R. Elman Sarann Bielavitz Rhonda L. Alexander Morgan Brown Elizabeth Needham Waddell P. Todd Korthuis Kathryn E. Lancaster A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA Trials Rural Substance use Recruitment Opioid Injection drug use Participant retention |
| title | A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA |
| title_full | A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA |
| title_fullStr | A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA |
| title_full_unstemmed | A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA |
| title_short | A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA |
| title_sort | cross sectional survey of potential factors motivations and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural usa |
| topic | Rural Substance use Recruitment Opioid Injection drug use Participant retention |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT angelathetrick acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT aprilmyoung acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT miriamrelman acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT sarannbielavitz acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT rhondalalexander acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT morganbrown acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT elizabethneedhamwaddell acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT ptoddkorthuis acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT kathrynelancaster acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT angelathetrick crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT aprilmyoung crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT miriamrelman crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT sarannbielavitz crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT rhondalalexander crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT morganbrown crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT elizabethneedhamwaddell crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT ptoddkorthuis crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa AT kathrynelancaster crosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa |