Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell
The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of almond skin extracts on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. Drug-resistant strains of HSV frequently develop following therapeutic treatment. Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great effort. Here, we tested...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-07-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/9/7/178 |
| _version_ | 1818570372320067584 |
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| author | Carlo Bisignano Giuseppina Mandalari Antonella Smeriglio Domenico Trombetta Maria Musarra Pizzo Rosamaria Pennisi Maria Teresa Sciortino |
| author_facet | Carlo Bisignano Giuseppina Mandalari Antonella Smeriglio Domenico Trombetta Maria Musarra Pizzo Rosamaria Pennisi Maria Teresa Sciortino |
| author_sort | Carlo Bisignano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of almond skin extracts on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. Drug-resistant strains of HSV frequently develop following therapeutic treatment. Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great effort. Here, we tested both natural (NS) and blanched (BS) polyphenols-rich almond skin extracts against HSV-1. HPLC analysis showed that the prevalent compounds in NS and BS extracts contributing to their antioxidant activity were quercetin, epicatechin and catechin. Results of cell viability indicated that NS and BS extracts were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. Furthermore, NS extracts were more potent inhibitors of HSV-1 than BS extracts, and this trend was in agreement with different concentrations of flavonoids. The plaque forming assay, Western blot and real-time PCR were used to demonstrate that NS extracts were able to block the production of infectious HSV-1 particles. In addition, the viral binding assay demonstrated that NS extracts inhibited HSV-1 adsorption to Vero cells. Our conclusion is that natural products from almond skin extracts are an extraordinary source of antiviral agents and provide a novel treatment against HSV-1 infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:40:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-88e1e20d2e7148469725f916df22ce71 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T13:40:28Z |
| publishDate | 2017-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-88e1e20d2e7148469725f916df22ce712022-12-21T22:59:29ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152017-07-019717810.3390/v9070178v9070178Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the CellCarlo Bisignano0Giuseppina Mandalari1Antonella Smeriglio2Domenico Trombetta3Maria Musarra Pizzo4Rosamaria Pennisi5Maria Teresa Sciortino6Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, ItalyThe aim of the present research was to determine the effect of almond skin extracts on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. Drug-resistant strains of HSV frequently develop following therapeutic treatment. Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great effort. Here, we tested both natural (NS) and blanched (BS) polyphenols-rich almond skin extracts against HSV-1. HPLC analysis showed that the prevalent compounds in NS and BS extracts contributing to their antioxidant activity were quercetin, epicatechin and catechin. Results of cell viability indicated that NS and BS extracts were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. Furthermore, NS extracts were more potent inhibitors of HSV-1 than BS extracts, and this trend was in agreement with different concentrations of flavonoids. The plaque forming assay, Western blot and real-time PCR were used to demonstrate that NS extracts were able to block the production of infectious HSV-1 particles. In addition, the viral binding assay demonstrated that NS extracts inhibited HSV-1 adsorption to Vero cells. Our conclusion is that natural products from almond skin extracts are an extraordinary source of antiviral agents and provide a novel treatment against HSV-1 infections.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/9/7/178herpes simplex virus 1flavonoidsantiviral activitybinding mechanismsalmond skin |
| spellingShingle | Carlo Bisignano Giuseppina Mandalari Antonella Smeriglio Domenico Trombetta Maria Musarra Pizzo Rosamaria Pennisi Maria Teresa Sciortino Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell Viruses herpes simplex virus 1 flavonoids antiviral activity binding mechanisms almond skin |
| title | Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell |
| title_full | Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell |
| title_fullStr | Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell |
| title_short | Almond Skin Extracts Abrogate HSV-1 Replication by Blocking Virus Binding to the Cell |
| title_sort | almond skin extracts abrogate hsv 1 replication by blocking virus binding to the cell |
| topic | herpes simplex virus 1 flavonoids antiviral activity binding mechanisms almond skin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/9/7/178 |
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