Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water
Antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs are used to manage the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and are increasingly being detected in the aquatic environment. However, little is known about their effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Here, <i>Daphnia magna</i> neonates were exposed to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/8/423 |
| _version_ | 1797407715088138240 |
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| author | Ntombikayise Mahaye Ndeke Musee |
| author_facet | Ntombikayise Mahaye Ndeke Musee |
| author_sort | Ntombikayise Mahaye |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs are used to manage the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and are increasingly being detected in the aquatic environment. However, little is known about their effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Here, <i>Daphnia magna</i> neonates were exposed to Efavirenz (EFV) and Tenofovir (TFV) ARVs at 62.5–1000 µg/L for 48 h in river water. The endpoints assessed were mortality, immobilization, and biochemical biomarkers (catalase (CAT), glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA)). No mortality was observed over 48 h. Concentration- and time-dependent immobilization was observed for both ARVs only at 250–1000 µg/L after 48 h, with significant immobilization observed for EFV compared to TFV. Results for biochemical responses demonstrated that both ARVs induced significant changes in CAT and GST activities, and MDA levels, with effects higher for EFV compared to TFV. Biochemical responses were indicative of oxidative stress alterations. Hence, both ARVs could potentially be toxic to <i>D. magna</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-890370aecec1481d9672e81bbfb9dfe1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-890370aecec1481d9672e81bbfb9dfe12023-12-03T14:34:38ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-07-0110842310.3390/toxics10080423Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River WaterNtombikayise Mahaye0Ndeke Musee1Emerging Contaminants Ecological and Risk Assessment (ECERA) Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaEmerging Contaminants Ecological and Risk Assessment (ECERA) Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaAntiretroviral (ARVs) drugs are used to manage the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and are increasingly being detected in the aquatic environment. However, little is known about their effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Here, <i>Daphnia magna</i> neonates were exposed to Efavirenz (EFV) and Tenofovir (TFV) ARVs at 62.5–1000 µg/L for 48 h in river water. The endpoints assessed were mortality, immobilization, and biochemical biomarkers (catalase (CAT), glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA)). No mortality was observed over 48 h. Concentration- and time-dependent immobilization was observed for both ARVs only at 250–1000 µg/L after 48 h, with significant immobilization observed for EFV compared to TFV. Results for biochemical responses demonstrated that both ARVs induced significant changes in CAT and GST activities, and MDA levels, with effects higher for EFV compared to TFV. Biochemical responses were indicative of oxidative stress alterations. Hence, both ARVs could potentially be toxic to <i>D. magna</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/8/423HIV antiretroviral drugsTenofovirEfavirenzantioxidant enzymesbiochemical markers<i>Daphnia magna</i> |
| spellingShingle | Ntombikayise Mahaye Ndeke Musee Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water Toxics HIV antiretroviral drugs Tenofovir Efavirenz antioxidant enzymes biochemical markers <i>Daphnia magna</i> |
| title | Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water |
| title_full | Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water |
| title_short | Effects of Two Antiretroviral Drugs on the Crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> in River Water |
| title_sort | effects of two antiretroviral drugs on the crustacean i daphnia magna i in river water |
| topic | HIV antiretroviral drugs Tenofovir Efavirenz antioxidant enzymes biochemical markers <i>Daphnia magna</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/8/423 |
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