Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces
BackgroundThere are many different Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis style brace designs available in the market for the correction of scoliosis deformity. Hole cut out patterns, are commonly used in brace designs. These cut-outs may be subdivided into two groups: hole patterns and windows. Hole patte...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fresc.2022.889905/full |
| _version_ | 1828080029129506816 |
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| author | Robert Rizza XueCheng Liu XueCheng Liu XueCheng Liu Vince Anewenter |
| author_facet | Robert Rizza XueCheng Liu XueCheng Liu XueCheng Liu Vince Anewenter |
| author_sort | Robert Rizza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThere are many different Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis style brace designs available in the market for the correction of scoliosis deformity. Hole cut out patterns, are commonly used in brace designs. These cut-outs may be subdivided into two groups: hole patterns and windows. Hole patterns are an array of holes which are implemented to lighten the weight of a brace and allow for the skin to breathe. Windows provide space for spinal derotation and/or breathing. From an examination of the literature, it appears that a systematic analysis of the effect of these cut-outs on the structural integrity and functionality of the brace has not been undertaken. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding on the effect of spacing, size and geometry of the cut-outs on the mechanical behavior of the brace.Method of ApproachIn this study, Finite Element Analysis is employed to examine the mechanical response of the brace to these cut-outs. Geometry for the Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis was obtained by scanning an existing brace using an optical scan and converted into a Computer Aided Design model. A systematic approach was undertaken where cut-out geometry, spacing and size was varied. The deformation and stress in the thickness of the brace was ascertained from the Finite Element Analysis. An appropriate factor of safety for the structural analysis was determined using a standardized approach and used to quantify the structural integrity of the brace due to the cut-out. Various geometries were analyzed for the hole patterns including circle, triangle, diamond, and hexagon. For the window, the geometries considered were circle, trapezoidal and the “bib” geometry.ResultsIt was found that linear hole patterns where the holes are aligned do not provide a desirable structural factor safety. Furthermore, among all the possible geometries, the hexagonal cut-out was the best structurally while reducing the weight of the brace the most. The optimal spacing was found to be 12 mm, and the optimal hole surface area was found to be 78.54 mm2. For the windows in the abdominal area, the “bib” shape provided the best structural integrity and generated the lowest amount of deformation. An increase in the size of this window had a small effect on the stress but an almost negligible effect on the deformation.ConclusionsA hexagonal hole pattern should be used with a spacing of 12 mm and each hole should have a surface area of 78.54 mm2. Windows in the abdominal area should be of “bib” shape. The size of the window cut-outs does not affect the brace stress and deformation significantly. Thus, the size of these windows should be based on the functional aspects of the brace, i.e., the minimum required size needed to permit the patient to breathe comfortably as in the case of the abdominal window or to allow for proper derotation, as in the case of the derotation window. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T03:11:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8923713fbd55417f91be698735804eaf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-6861 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T03:11:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-8923713fbd55417f91be698735804eaf2023-01-02T11:32:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences2673-68612022-06-01310.3389/fresc.2022.889905889905Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed BracesRobert Rizza0XueCheng Liu1XueCheng Liu2XueCheng Liu3Vince Anewenter4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesMusculoskeletal Functional Assessment Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesRapid Prototyping Center, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesBackgroundThere are many different Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis style brace designs available in the market for the correction of scoliosis deformity. Hole cut out patterns, are commonly used in brace designs. These cut-outs may be subdivided into two groups: hole patterns and windows. Hole patterns are an array of holes which are implemented to lighten the weight of a brace and allow for the skin to breathe. Windows provide space for spinal derotation and/or breathing. From an examination of the literature, it appears that a systematic analysis of the effect of these cut-outs on the structural integrity and functionality of the brace has not been undertaken. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding on the effect of spacing, size and geometry of the cut-outs on the mechanical behavior of the brace.Method of ApproachIn this study, Finite Element Analysis is employed to examine the mechanical response of the brace to these cut-outs. Geometry for the Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis was obtained by scanning an existing brace using an optical scan and converted into a Computer Aided Design model. A systematic approach was undertaken where cut-out geometry, spacing and size was varied. The deformation and stress in the thickness of the brace was ascertained from the Finite Element Analysis. An appropriate factor of safety for the structural analysis was determined using a standardized approach and used to quantify the structural integrity of the brace due to the cut-out. Various geometries were analyzed for the hole patterns including circle, triangle, diamond, and hexagon. For the window, the geometries considered were circle, trapezoidal and the “bib” geometry.ResultsIt was found that linear hole patterns where the holes are aligned do not provide a desirable structural factor safety. Furthermore, among all the possible geometries, the hexagonal cut-out was the best structurally while reducing the weight of the brace the most. The optimal spacing was found to be 12 mm, and the optimal hole surface area was found to be 78.54 mm2. For the windows in the abdominal area, the “bib” shape provided the best structural integrity and generated the lowest amount of deformation. An increase in the size of this window had a small effect on the stress but an almost negligible effect on the deformation.ConclusionsA hexagonal hole pattern should be used with a spacing of 12 mm and each hole should have a surface area of 78.54 mm2. Windows in the abdominal area should be of “bib” shape. The size of the window cut-outs does not affect the brace stress and deformation significantly. Thus, the size of these windows should be based on the functional aspects of the brace, i.e., the minimum required size needed to permit the patient to breathe comfortably as in the case of the abdominal window or to allow for proper derotation, as in the case of the derotation window.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fresc.2022.889905/full3D printingscoliosis braceshole patternscut-outsbrace design |
| spellingShingle | Robert Rizza XueCheng Liu XueCheng Liu XueCheng Liu Vince Anewenter Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 3D printing scoliosis braces hole patterns cut-outs brace design |
| title | Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces |
| title_full | Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces |
| title_short | Effect of Window and Hole Pattern Cut-Outs on Design Optimization of 3D Printed Braces |
| title_sort | effect of window and hole pattern cut outs on design optimization of 3d printed braces |
| topic | 3D printing scoliosis braces hole patterns cut-outs brace design |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fresc.2022.889905/full |
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