| Summary: | Species of <i>Neocosmospora</i> are commonly found in soil, plant debris, and living woody or herbaceous substrates and occasionally found in water and air. Some species are reported as saprobes, endophytes, opportunistic pathogens of plants and animals, or producers of bioactive natural products, cytotoxic compounds, and industrial enzymes. To reveal the species diversity of <i>Neocosmospora</i>, specimens from different provinces of China were investigated. Five new species, <i>Neocosmospora anhuiensis</i>, <i>N. aurantia</i>, <i>N. dimorpha</i>, <i>N. galbana</i>, and <i>N. maoershanica</i>, were introduced based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses of combined calmodulin (CAM), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) regions. Differences between these new species and their close relatives are compared in detail.
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