Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh
A sero-epidemiology study was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh between January 2020 and February 2021 to assess the immune responses to ETEC infection in adults and children. (1) Background: Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> infection is a main cause of diarrheal disease in endemic c...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2524 |
| _version_ | 1827720325493686272 |
|---|---|
| author | Petra Girardi Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan Samuel B. Lundin Shushan Harutyunyan Irene Neuhauser Farhana Khanam Gábor Nagy Valéria Szijártó Tamás Henics Eszter Nagy Ali M. Harandi Firdausi Qadri |
| author_facet | Petra Girardi Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan Samuel B. Lundin Shushan Harutyunyan Irene Neuhauser Farhana Khanam Gábor Nagy Valéria Szijártó Tamás Henics Eszter Nagy Ali M. Harandi Firdausi Qadri |
| author_sort | Petra Girardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A sero-epidemiology study was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh between January 2020 and February 2021 to assess the immune responses to ETEC infection in adults and children. (1) Background: Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> infection is a main cause of diarrheal disease in endemic countries. The characterization of the immune responses evoked by natural infection can guide vaccine development efforts. (2) Methods: A total of 617 adult and 480 pediatric diarrheal patients were screened, and 43 adults and 46 children (below 5 years of age) with an acute ETEC infection completed the study. The plasma samples were analyzed for antibody responses against the ETEC toxins. (3) Results: Heat-stable toxin (ST)-positive ETEC is the main cause of ETEC infection in adults, unlike in children in an endemic setting. We detected very low levels of anti-ST antibodies, and no ST-neutralizing activity. However, infection with ETEC strains expressing the heat-labile toxin (LT) induced systemic antibody responses in less than 25% of subjects. The antibody levels against LTA and LTB, as well as cholera toxin (CT), correlated well. The anti-LT antibodies were shown to have LT- and CT- neutralizing activity. The antibody reactivity against linear LT epitopes did not correlate with toxin-neutralizing activity. (4) Conclusions: Unlike LT, ST is a poor antigen and even adults have low anti-ST antibody levels that do not allow for the detection of toxin-neutralizing activity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:01:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8938156406c94b0caef3ddffa8612515 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:01:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-8938156406c94b0caef3ddffa86125152023-11-19T17:28:04ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-10-011110252410.3390/microorganisms11102524Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in BangladeshPetra Girardi0Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan1Samuel B. Lundin2Shushan Harutyunyan3Irene Neuhauser4Farhana Khanam5Gábor Nagy6Valéria Szijártó7Tamás Henics8Eszter Nagy9Ali M. Harandi10Firdausi Qadri11Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaInfectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Goteborg, SwedenEveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaEveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaInfectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshCEBINA GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaCEBINA GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaEveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaEveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, AustriaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Goteborg, SwedenInfectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, BangladeshA sero-epidemiology study was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh between January 2020 and February 2021 to assess the immune responses to ETEC infection in adults and children. (1) Background: Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> infection is a main cause of diarrheal disease in endemic countries. The characterization of the immune responses evoked by natural infection can guide vaccine development efforts. (2) Methods: A total of 617 adult and 480 pediatric diarrheal patients were screened, and 43 adults and 46 children (below 5 years of age) with an acute ETEC infection completed the study. The plasma samples were analyzed for antibody responses against the ETEC toxins. (3) Results: Heat-stable toxin (ST)-positive ETEC is the main cause of ETEC infection in adults, unlike in children in an endemic setting. We detected very low levels of anti-ST antibodies, and no ST-neutralizing activity. However, infection with ETEC strains expressing the heat-labile toxin (LT) induced systemic antibody responses in less than 25% of subjects. The antibody levels against LTA and LTB, as well as cholera toxin (CT), correlated well. The anti-LT antibodies were shown to have LT- and CT- neutralizing activity. The antibody reactivity against linear LT epitopes did not correlate with toxin-neutralizing activity. (4) Conclusions: Unlike LT, ST is a poor antigen and even adults have low anti-ST antibody levels that do not allow for the detection of toxin-neutralizing activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2524ETECheat-labile toxin (LT)heat-stable toxin (ST)natural infectionendemic populationchildren |
| spellingShingle | Petra Girardi Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan Samuel B. Lundin Shushan Harutyunyan Irene Neuhauser Farhana Khanam Gábor Nagy Valéria Szijártó Tamás Henics Eszter Nagy Ali M. Harandi Firdausi Qadri Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh Microorganisms ETEC heat-labile toxin (LT) heat-stable toxin (ST) natural infection endemic population children |
| title | Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh |
| title_full | Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh |
| title_short | Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) Infection in Adults and Children in Bangladesh |
| title_sort | anti toxin responses to natural enterotoxigenic i escherichia coli i etec infection in adults and children in bangladesh |
| topic | ETEC heat-labile toxin (LT) heat-stable toxin (ST) natural infection endemic population children |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2524 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT petragirardi antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT taufiqurrahmanbhuiyan antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT samuelblundin antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT shushanharutyunyan antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT ireneneuhauser antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT farhanakhanam antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT gabornagy antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT valeriaszijarto antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT tamashenics antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT eszternagy antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT alimharandi antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh AT firdausiqadri antitoxinresponsestonaturalenterotoxigeniciescherichiacoliietecinfectioninadultsandchildreninbangladesh |