3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components
This paper presents the state-of-the-art in polymer-based 3-D printing of metal-pipe rectangular waveguides (MPRWGs) with the first reported terahertz filters, all operating within the WR-2.2 band (325 to 500 GHz): a 5 mm-long thru line, two 399 GHz single-cavity resonators and two 403 GHz bandpass...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2023-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10188678/ |
| _version_ | 1797746124614795264 |
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| author | Liyan Zhu Sang-Hee Shin Roshan Payapulli Ian W. Rossuck Norbert Klein Nick M. Ridler Stepan Lucyszyn |
| author_facet | Liyan Zhu Sang-Hee Shin Roshan Payapulli Ian W. Rossuck Norbert Klein Nick M. Ridler Stepan Lucyszyn |
| author_sort | Liyan Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents the state-of-the-art in polymer-based 3-D printing of metal-pipe rectangular waveguides (MPRWGs) with the first reported terahertz filters, all operating within the WR-2.2 band (325 to 500 GHz): a 5 mm-long thru line, two 399 GHz single-cavity resonators and two 403 GHz bandpass filters (BPFs). Our thru line exhibits a measured average insertion loss of only 0.9 dB, with a worst-case return loss of 13.3 dB, across the band. The single-cavity resonators, without and with corner rounding compensation (CRC) are investigated with the use of an RLC equivalent circuit model. The uncompensated resonator exhibits a 2.3% frequency downshift and an increase of 10.8 GHz in its 3 dB bandwidth. The compensated resonator exhibits a 2.2% frequency upshift and an increase of only 2.2 GHz in its 3 dB bandwidth; clearly demonstrating that CRC helps to mitigate against increased coupling into the resonators, as a result of manufacturing limitations with low-cost 3-D printing. Finally, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3^{rd}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> order Butterworth and Chebyshev MPRWG BPFs both have a measured passband insertion loss of only 1.0 dB. The Butterworth filter exhibits a 0.8% passband frequency upshift and worst-case return loss of 16.6 dB; while the Chebyshev filter exhibits a 1.2% passband frequency downshift and worst-case return loss of 10.4 dB. With our low-cost polymer-based 3-D printing technology, we have demonstrated measured performances that are better than those using metal-based 3-D printing in the WR-2.2 band and this may, in the not too distant future, challenge components manufactured using traditional machining technologies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T15:32:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8954a4c087054bfeb5d099ca539d09c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T15:32:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-8954a4c087054bfeb5d099ca539d09c42023-08-09T23:00:50ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362023-01-0111790737908610.1109/ACCESS.2023.3297271101886783-D Printed THz Waveguide ComponentsLiyan Zhu0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4717-7906Sang-Hee Shin1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-4241Roshan Payapulli2Ian W. Rossuck3Norbert Klein4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-8592Nick M. Ridler5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-2914Stepan Lucyszyn6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-3801Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K.Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, U.K.Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K.Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.This paper presents the state-of-the-art in polymer-based 3-D printing of metal-pipe rectangular waveguides (MPRWGs) with the first reported terahertz filters, all operating within the WR-2.2 band (325 to 500 GHz): a 5 mm-long thru line, two 399 GHz single-cavity resonators and two 403 GHz bandpass filters (BPFs). Our thru line exhibits a measured average insertion loss of only 0.9 dB, with a worst-case return loss of 13.3 dB, across the band. The single-cavity resonators, without and with corner rounding compensation (CRC) are investigated with the use of an RLC equivalent circuit model. The uncompensated resonator exhibits a 2.3% frequency downshift and an increase of 10.8 GHz in its 3 dB bandwidth. The compensated resonator exhibits a 2.2% frequency upshift and an increase of only 2.2 GHz in its 3 dB bandwidth; clearly demonstrating that CRC helps to mitigate against increased coupling into the resonators, as a result of manufacturing limitations with low-cost 3-D printing. Finally, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3^{rd}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> order Butterworth and Chebyshev MPRWG BPFs both have a measured passband insertion loss of only 1.0 dB. The Butterworth filter exhibits a 0.8% passband frequency upshift and worst-case return loss of 16.6 dB; while the Chebyshev filter exhibits a 1.2% passband frequency downshift and worst-case return loss of 10.4 dB. With our low-cost polymer-based 3-D printing technology, we have demonstrated measured performances that are better than those using metal-based 3-D printing in the WR-2.2 band and this may, in the not too distant future, challenge components manufactured using traditional machining technologies.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10188678/Additive manufacturing3-D printingmillimeter-waveterahertzWR-2.2WM-570 |
| spellingShingle | Liyan Zhu Sang-Hee Shin Roshan Payapulli Ian W. Rossuck Norbert Klein Nick M. Ridler Stepan Lucyszyn 3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components IEEE Access Additive manufacturing 3-D printing millimeter-wave terahertz WR-2.2 WM-570 |
| title | 3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components |
| title_full | 3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components |
| title_fullStr | 3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components |
| title_full_unstemmed | 3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components |
| title_short | 3-D Printed THz Waveguide Components |
| title_sort | 3 d printed thz waveguide components |
| topic | Additive manufacturing 3-D printing millimeter-wave terahertz WR-2.2 WM-570 |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10188678/ |
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