Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment
Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) are commonly used as endodontic filling materials but suffer from a long setting time and tooth discoloration. In the present study, the feasibility of using barium titanate (BTO) for discoloration and a calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) solution to sh...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7270 |
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| author | Hsiu-Na Lin Wei-Wen Chen Chun-Chun Hsu May-Show Chen Pei-Jung Chang Wei-Min Chang Fang-Hao Zhang Chin-Yi Chen Pee-Yew Lee Chung-Kwei Lin |
| author_facet | Hsiu-Na Lin Wei-Wen Chen Chun-Chun Hsu May-Show Chen Pei-Jung Chang Wei-Min Chang Fang-Hao Zhang Chin-Yi Chen Pee-Yew Lee Chung-Kwei Lin |
| author_sort | Hsiu-Na Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) are commonly used as endodontic filling materials but suffer from a long setting time and tooth discoloration. In the present study, the feasibility of using barium titanate (BTO) for discoloration and a calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) solution to shorten the setting time was investigated. BTO powder was prepared using high-energy ball milling for 3 h, followed by sintering at 700–1300 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the crystallinity and crystalline size of the as-milled and heat-treated powders. MTA-like cements were then prepared using 20–40 wt.% BTO as a radiopacifier and solidified using a 0–30% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution. The corresponding radiopacity, diametral tensile strength (DTS), initial and final setting times, and discoloration performance were examined. The experimental results showed that for the BTO powder prepared using a combination of mechanical milling and heat treatment, the crystallinity and crystalline size increased with the increasing sintering temperature. The BTO sintered at 1300 °C (i.e., BTO-13) exhibited the best radiopacity and DTS. The MTA-like cement supplemented with 30% BTO-13 and solidified with a 10% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution exhibited a radiopacity of 3.68 ± 0.24 mmAl and a DTS of 2.54 ± 0.28 MPa, respectively. In the accelerated discoloration examination using UV irradiation, the color difference was less than 1.6 and significantly lower than the clinically perceptible level (3.7). This novel MTA exhibiting a superior color stability, shortened setting time, and excellent biocompatibility has potential for use in endodontic applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:48:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8966a42482d84ab8b7e3363b2295ac68 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:48:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-8966a42482d84ab8b7e3363b2295ac682023-12-08T15:20:27ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-11-011623727010.3390/ma16237270Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat TreatmentHsiu-Na Lin0Wei-Wen Chen1Chun-Chun Hsu2May-Show Chen3Pei-Jung Chang4Wei-Min Chang5Fang-Hao Zhang6Chin-Yi Chen7Pee-Yew Lee8Chung-Kwei Lin9Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanCenter of Dental Technology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, TaiwanSchool of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, TaiwanResearch Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanResearch Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanResearch Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanDepartment of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, TaiwanResearch Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanResearch Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanResearch Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical IUniversity, Taipei 110, TaiwanMineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) are commonly used as endodontic filling materials but suffer from a long setting time and tooth discoloration. In the present study, the feasibility of using barium titanate (BTO) for discoloration and a calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) solution to shorten the setting time was investigated. BTO powder was prepared using high-energy ball milling for 3 h, followed by sintering at 700–1300 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the crystallinity and crystalline size of the as-milled and heat-treated powders. MTA-like cements were then prepared using 20–40 wt.% BTO as a radiopacifier and solidified using a 0–30% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution. The corresponding radiopacity, diametral tensile strength (DTS), initial and final setting times, and discoloration performance were examined. The experimental results showed that for the BTO powder prepared using a combination of mechanical milling and heat treatment, the crystallinity and crystalline size increased with the increasing sintering temperature. The BTO sintered at 1300 °C (i.e., BTO-13) exhibited the best radiopacity and DTS. The MTA-like cement supplemented with 30% BTO-13 and solidified with a 10% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution exhibited a radiopacity of 3.68 ± 0.24 mmAl and a DTS of 2.54 ± 0.28 MPa, respectively. In the accelerated discoloration examination using UV irradiation, the color difference was less than 1.6 and significantly lower than the clinically perceptible level (3.7). This novel MTA exhibiting a superior color stability, shortened setting time, and excellent biocompatibility has potential for use in endodontic applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7270mineral trioxide aggregatesradiopacifierbarium titanatemechanical millingradiopacitydiscoloration |
| spellingShingle | Hsiu-Na Lin Wei-Wen Chen Chun-Chun Hsu May-Show Chen Pei-Jung Chang Wei-Min Chang Fang-Hao Zhang Chin-Yi Chen Pee-Yew Lee Chung-Kwei Lin Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment Materials mineral trioxide aggregates radiopacifier barium titanate mechanical milling radiopacity discoloration |
| title | Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment |
| title_full | Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment |
| title_short | Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment |
| title_sort | endodontic radiopacifying application of barium titanate prepared through a combination of mechanical milling and heat treatment |
| topic | mineral trioxide aggregates radiopacifier barium titanate mechanical milling radiopacity discoloration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7270 |
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