| Summary: | Undernutrition is associated with gut microbiota unbalance, and probiotics are believed to restore it and improve gut integrity. A randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of gummy <i>L. plantarum</i> Dad-13 (10<sup>8−9</sup> CFU/3 g) to prevent the progression of severe undernutrition. Two groups of moderate undernutrition infants were involved in this study, namely the placebo (<i>n</i> = 15) and probiotics (<i>n</i> = 15) groups, and were required to consume the product for 50 days. 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR were used for gut microbiota analysis, and gas chromatography was used to analyze Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA). The daily food intake of both groups was recorded using food records. Our results revealed that the probiotic group had better improvements regarding the anthropometry and nutritional status. In addition, <i>L. plantarum</i> Dad-13 modulated the butyric acid-producing bacteria to increase and inhibit the growth of Enterobacteriaceae. This gut modulation was associated with the increment in SCFA, especially total SCFA, propionic, and butyric acid. The number of <i>L. plantarum</i> was increased after the probiotic intervention. However, <i>L. plantarum</i> Dad-13 was not able to change the alpha and beta diversity. Therefore, <i>L. plantarum</i> Dad-13 has been proven to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria.
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