Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions
In barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) breeding, heading date is one of the most important agricultural traits that is essential for the completion of its life cycle. Certain endogenous and environmental factors regulate floral transition, morphing the complex genetic mechanism of the hea...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/339 |
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| author | Adeela Rasheed Qidong Feng Muhammad Faheem Adil Muhammad Ahsan Zhigang Han Fanrong Zeng Imran Haider Shamsi |
| author_facet | Adeela Rasheed Qidong Feng Muhammad Faheem Adil Muhammad Ahsan Zhigang Han Fanrong Zeng Imran Haider Shamsi |
| author_sort | Adeela Rasheed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) breeding, heading date is one of the most important agricultural traits that is essential for the completion of its life cycle. Certain endogenous and environmental factors regulate floral transition, morphing the complex genetic mechanism of the heading phase, which could serve as a premise of orchestration for improved yields. To elaborate the network of genetic and environmental signals, a hydroponic experiment was carried out using two spring (i.e., DM65 and DM70) and two winter barley genotypes (i.e., DM269 and DM385). Our results confirmed that the vernalized environment produced a substantial reduction in plant height, biomass and photosynthetic activity compared with the control plants. A noticeable increase in oxidative stress was exhibited by DM65 and DM70 plants compared with their respective controls at 20 °C, while no significant difference was observed for any genotype grown in the greenhouse (25 °C). Simultaneously, increased antioxidant enzyme activity in winter barley genotypes showed a defensive mechanism under vernalized conditions (4 °C). Furthermore, the expression of key regulatory flowering genes revealed that the vernalization gene (<i>HvVRN1</i>) is the key regulator of floral induction after cold exposure, whereas <i>Photoperiod Response Locus 1</i> (<i>HvPpd-H1</i>) had significantly higher expression under greenhouse conditions, along with <i>Phytochrome C</i> (<i>HvPHY-C</i>), validating their involvement as upstream heading time regulators. These findings contribute to enriching the study of environmental signals that substantially modulate the complex mechanism of barley heading date. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:51:27Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:51:27Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-897ec1d2554c4b5080db4281f6a49f3f2023-11-23T18:20:18ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-01-0112233910.3390/agronomy12020339Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse ConditionsAdeela Rasheed0Qidong Feng1Muhammad Faheem Adil2Muhammad Ahsan3Zhigang Han4Fanrong Zeng5Imran Haider Shamsi6Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaHubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaIn barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) breeding, heading date is one of the most important agricultural traits that is essential for the completion of its life cycle. Certain endogenous and environmental factors regulate floral transition, morphing the complex genetic mechanism of the heading phase, which could serve as a premise of orchestration for improved yields. To elaborate the network of genetic and environmental signals, a hydroponic experiment was carried out using two spring (i.e., DM65 and DM70) and two winter barley genotypes (i.e., DM269 and DM385). Our results confirmed that the vernalized environment produced a substantial reduction in plant height, biomass and photosynthetic activity compared with the control plants. A noticeable increase in oxidative stress was exhibited by DM65 and DM70 plants compared with their respective controls at 20 °C, while no significant difference was observed for any genotype grown in the greenhouse (25 °C). Simultaneously, increased antioxidant enzyme activity in winter barley genotypes showed a defensive mechanism under vernalized conditions (4 °C). Furthermore, the expression of key regulatory flowering genes revealed that the vernalization gene (<i>HvVRN1</i>) is the key regulator of floral induction after cold exposure, whereas <i>Photoperiod Response Locus 1</i> (<i>HvPpd-H1</i>) had significantly higher expression under greenhouse conditions, along with <i>Phytochrome C</i> (<i>HvPHY-C</i>), validating their involvement as upstream heading time regulators. These findings contribute to enriching the study of environmental signals that substantially modulate the complex mechanism of barley heading date.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/339<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.headingphotoperiodcold temperaturegrowthgene expression |
| spellingShingle | Adeela Rasheed Qidong Feng Muhammad Faheem Adil Muhammad Ahsan Zhigang Han Fanrong Zeng Imran Haider Shamsi Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions Agronomy <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. heading photoperiod cold temperature growth gene expression |
| title | Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions |
| title_full | Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions |
| title_short | Comparative Study on the Physio-Biochemical Responses of Spring and Winter Barley Genotypes under Vernalized and Greenhouse Conditions |
| title_sort | comparative study on the physio biochemical responses of spring and winter barley genotypes under vernalized and greenhouse conditions |
| topic | <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. heading photoperiod cold temperature growth gene expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/339 |
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