Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses
The roles of host-associated bacteria have gained attention lately, and we now recognise that the microbiota is essential in processes such as digestion, development of the immune system and gut function. In this study, Atlantic cod larvae were reared under germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional co...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/24 |
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| author | Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum Torunn Forberg Birgit Luef Ingrid Bakke Per Winge Yngvar Olsen Olav Vadstein |
| author_facet | Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum Torunn Forberg Birgit Luef Ingrid Bakke Per Winge Yngvar Olsen Olav Vadstein |
| author_sort | Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The roles of host-associated bacteria have gained attention lately, and we now recognise that the microbiota is essential in processes such as digestion, development of the immune system and gut function. In this study, Atlantic cod larvae were reared under germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional conditions. Water and fish microbiota were characterised by 16S rRNA gene analyses. The cod larvae’s transcriptional responses to the different microbial conditions were analysed by a custom Agilent 44 k oligo microarray. Gut development was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Water and fish microbiota differed significantly in the conventional treatment and were dominated by different fast-growing bacteria. Our study indicates that components of the innate immune system of cod larvae are downregulated by the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, and thus may be turned on by default in the early larval stages. We see indications of decreased nutrient uptake in the absence of bacteria. The bacteria also influence the gut morphology, reflected in shorter microvilli with higher density in the conventional larvae than in the germ-free larvae. The fact that the microbiota alters innate immune responses and gut morphology demonstrates its important role in marine larval development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-897f170a39e24225b3f45e9e844c1c46 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-897f170a39e24225b3f45e9e844c1c462023-11-23T14:46:03ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-12-011012410.3390/microorganisms10010024Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune ResponsesRagnhild Inderberg Vestrum0Torunn Forberg1Birgit Luef2Ingrid Bakke3Per Winge4Yngvar Olsen5Olav Vadstein6Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, NorwayThe roles of host-associated bacteria have gained attention lately, and we now recognise that the microbiota is essential in processes such as digestion, development of the immune system and gut function. In this study, Atlantic cod larvae were reared under germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional conditions. Water and fish microbiota were characterised by 16S rRNA gene analyses. The cod larvae’s transcriptional responses to the different microbial conditions were analysed by a custom Agilent 44 k oligo microarray. Gut development was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Water and fish microbiota differed significantly in the conventional treatment and were dominated by different fast-growing bacteria. Our study indicates that components of the innate immune system of cod larvae are downregulated by the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, and thus may be turned on by default in the early larval stages. We see indications of decreased nutrient uptake in the absence of bacteria. The bacteria also influence the gut morphology, reflected in shorter microvilli with higher density in the conventional larvae than in the germ-free larvae. The fact that the microbiota alters innate immune responses and gut morphology demonstrates its important role in marine larval development.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/24Atlantic codmicrobiotainnate immune systemgerm-freegnotobiotic |
| spellingShingle | Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum Torunn Forberg Birgit Luef Ingrid Bakke Per Winge Yngvar Olsen Olav Vadstein Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses Microorganisms Atlantic cod microbiota innate immune system germ-free gnotobiotic |
| title | Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses |
| title_full | Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses |
| title_short | Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts’ Innate Immune Responses |
| title_sort | commensal and opportunistic bacteria present in the microbiota in atlantic cod i gadus morhua i larvae differentially alter the hosts innate immune responses |
| topic | Atlantic cod microbiota innate immune system germ-free gnotobiotic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/24 |
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