Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland
In this study, the contents of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and macroelements (C, N, K, P, S, Mg, Na, and Ca) were measured in wild mushrooms growing in a heavily polluted forest ecosystem in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The research was conduc...
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/12/1240 |
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| author | Marek Pająk Michał Gąsiorek Michał Jasik Wiktor Halecki Krzysztof Otremba Marcin Pietrzykowski |
| author_facet | Marek Pająk Michał Gąsiorek Michał Jasik Wiktor Halecki Krzysztof Otremba Marcin Pietrzykowski |
| author_sort | Marek Pająk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the contents of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and macroelements (C, N, K, P, S, Mg, Na, and Ca) were measured in wild mushrooms growing in a heavily polluted forest ecosystem in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The research was conducted on 10 species of mushrooms belonging to three families: <i>Boletaceae</i>, <i>Russulaceae</i>, and <i>Suillaceae</i>. Using a spatial autoregressive model, the study showed a strong relationship between heavy metal concentrations (especially Zn, Pb, and Cd) and the distance from a source of industrial pollution (a zinc smelter, Huta Miasteczko Śląskie). The concentrations of potentially toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in mushrooms significantly exceeded food-acceptable standards. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), calculated as the ratio between the concentration in mushroom tissues and in forest soils overall, reached the highest values for cadmium (Cd). The highest accumulation capacity for Cd was noted for <i>Imleria badia</i> (BCF = 9.18), which was also the most abundant mushroom species in the study plots. In general, the established threshold values for Pb and Cd concentrations in consumer mushrooms and food products were exceeded up to almost 30-fold in the studied area. We conclude that the potential risk to human health of the toxic elements that enter the food chain through the harvesting and consumption of wild mushrooms from this region is significant. |
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| id | doaj.art-89aa5e767f9845889b466f090226491e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:37:04Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-89aa5e767f9845889b466f090226491e2023-11-20T22:06:22ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-11-011112124010.3390/f11121240Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, PolandMarek Pająk0Michał Gąsiorek1Michał Jasik2Wiktor Halecki3Krzysztof Otremba4Marcin Pietrzykowski5Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Reclamation, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, ul. Piątkowska 94E, 60-649 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, PolandIn this study, the contents of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and macroelements (C, N, K, P, S, Mg, Na, and Ca) were measured in wild mushrooms growing in a heavily polluted forest ecosystem in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The research was conducted on 10 species of mushrooms belonging to three families: <i>Boletaceae</i>, <i>Russulaceae</i>, and <i>Suillaceae</i>. Using a spatial autoregressive model, the study showed a strong relationship between heavy metal concentrations (especially Zn, Pb, and Cd) and the distance from a source of industrial pollution (a zinc smelter, Huta Miasteczko Śląskie). The concentrations of potentially toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in mushrooms significantly exceeded food-acceptable standards. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), calculated as the ratio between the concentration in mushroom tissues and in forest soils overall, reached the highest values for cadmium (Cd). The highest accumulation capacity for Cd was noted for <i>Imleria badia</i> (BCF = 9.18), which was also the most abundant mushroom species in the study plots. In general, the established threshold values for Pb and Cd concentrations in consumer mushrooms and food products were exceeded up to almost 30-fold in the studied area. We conclude that the potential risk to human health of the toxic elements that enter the food chain through the harvesting and consumption of wild mushrooms from this region is significant.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/12/1240edible mushroomsenvironmental pollutionpotentially toxic elements |
| spellingShingle | Marek Pająk Michał Gąsiorek Michał Jasik Wiktor Halecki Krzysztof Otremba Marcin Pietrzykowski Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland Forests edible mushrooms environmental pollution potentially toxic elements |
| title | Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland |
| title_full | Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland |
| title_fullStr | Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland |
| title_short | Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland |
| title_sort | risk assessment of potential food chain threats from edible wild mushrooms collected in forest ecosystems with heavy metal pollution in upper silesia poland |
| topic | edible mushrooms environmental pollution potentially toxic elements |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/12/1240 |
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