Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling
This current research set out to characterize Halari donkey milk by investigating its nutritional constituents, including its proximate analysis, water activity, titratable acidity, energy, and microbiological analysis. A comprehensive profiling of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids was also carrie...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-02-01
|
| Series: | Foods |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/853 |
| _version_ | 1827757424666214400 |
|---|---|
| author | Renu Garhwal Anuradha Bhardwaj Karnam Sangwan Rahul Mehra Yash Pal Varij Nayan Mir Asif Iquebal Sarika Jaiswal Harish Kumar |
| author_facet | Renu Garhwal Anuradha Bhardwaj Karnam Sangwan Rahul Mehra Yash Pal Varij Nayan Mir Asif Iquebal Sarika Jaiswal Harish Kumar |
| author_sort | Renu Garhwal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This current research set out to characterize Halari donkey milk by investigating its nutritional constituents, including its proximate analysis, water activity, titratable acidity, energy, and microbiological analysis. A comprehensive profiling of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids was also carried out. It was found that the composition of Halari donkey milk was consistent with previously published donkey milk literature and was comparable to that of human milk. Halari donkey milk has low 0.86 ± 0.04% fat content, 2.03 ± 0.03% protein content, 0.51 ± 0.05% ash content, and high 5.75 ± 0.15% lactose content making it sweet and palatable. The energy content of Halari donkey milk was 40.39 ± 0.31 kcal/100 g, and the water activity ranged from 0.973 to 0.975. Titratable acidity was 0.03 ± 0.01%. Halari donkey milk can be considered acceptable and microbiologically safe, having low total plate count and yeast and mould counts. Mineral testing revealed that Halari donkey milk included significant amounts of magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc. The concentration of different vitamins and amino acids such as isoleucine and valine also contribute to the nutritional value of Halari donkey milk. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:49:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-89afe26625304905a4e1577dcf67c50e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:49:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-89afe26625304905a4e1577dcf67c50e2023-11-16T20:31:26ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-02-0112485310.3390/foods12040853Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids ProfilingRenu Garhwal0Anuradha Bhardwaj1Karnam Sangwan2Rahul Mehra3Yash Pal4Varij Nayan5Mir Asif Iquebal6Sarika Jaiswal7Harish Kumar8Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, IndiaAmity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, IndiaFood Science & Technology MMICT & BM(HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133203, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, IndiaIndian Council of Agricultural Research—Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, IndiaDivision of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IndiaDivision of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IndiaAmity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, IndiaThis current research set out to characterize Halari donkey milk by investigating its nutritional constituents, including its proximate analysis, water activity, titratable acidity, energy, and microbiological analysis. A comprehensive profiling of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids was also carried out. It was found that the composition of Halari donkey milk was consistent with previously published donkey milk literature and was comparable to that of human milk. Halari donkey milk has low 0.86 ± 0.04% fat content, 2.03 ± 0.03% protein content, 0.51 ± 0.05% ash content, and high 5.75 ± 0.15% lactose content making it sweet and palatable. The energy content of Halari donkey milk was 40.39 ± 0.31 kcal/100 g, and the water activity ranged from 0.973 to 0.975. Titratable acidity was 0.03 ± 0.01%. Halari donkey milk can be considered acceptable and microbiologically safe, having low total plate count and yeast and mould counts. Mineral testing revealed that Halari donkey milk included significant amounts of magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc. The concentration of different vitamins and amino acids such as isoleucine and valine also contribute to the nutritional value of Halari donkey milk.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/853donkey milknutritional compositionmineralsvitaminsamino acids |
| spellingShingle | Renu Garhwal Anuradha Bhardwaj Karnam Sangwan Rahul Mehra Yash Pal Varij Nayan Mir Asif Iquebal Sarika Jaiswal Harish Kumar Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling Foods donkey milk nutritional composition minerals vitamins amino acids |
| title | Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling |
| title_full | Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling |
| title_fullStr | Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling |
| title_short | Milk from Halari Donkey Breed: Nutritional Analysis, Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids Profiling |
| title_sort | milk from halari donkey breed nutritional analysis vitamins minerals and amino acids profiling |
| topic | donkey milk nutritional composition minerals vitamins amino acids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/853 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT renugarhwal milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT anuradhabhardwaj milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT karnamsangwan milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT rahulmehra milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT yashpal milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT varijnayan milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT mirasifiquebal milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT sarikajaiswal milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling AT harishkumar milkfromhalaridonkeybreednutritionalanalysisvitaminsmineralsandaminoacidsprofiling |