Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation
Asthma and obesity are two epidemics affecting the developed world. The relationship between obesity and both asthma and severe asthma appears to be weight-dependent, causal, partly genetic, and probably bidirectional. There are two distinct phenotypes: 1. Allergic asthma in children with obesity, w...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/2/169 |
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| author | Marina Bantulà Jordi Roca-Ferrer Ebymar Arismendi César Picado |
| author_facet | Marina Bantulà Jordi Roca-Ferrer Ebymar Arismendi César Picado |
| author_sort | Marina Bantulà |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Asthma and obesity are two epidemics affecting the developed world. The relationship between obesity and both asthma and severe asthma appears to be weight-dependent, causal, partly genetic, and probably bidirectional. There are two distinct phenotypes: 1. Allergic asthma in children with obesity, which worsens a pre-existing asthma, and 2. An often non allergic, late-onset asthma developing as a consequence of obesity. In obesity, infiltration of adipose tissue by macrophages M1, together with an increased expression of multiple mediators that amplify and propagate inflammation, is considered as the culprit of obesity-related inflammation. Adipose tissue is an important source of adipokines, such as pro-inflammatory leptin, produced in excess in obesity, and adiponectin with anti-inflammatory effects with reduced synthesis. The inflammatory process also involves the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and TGFβ, which also contribute to asthma pathogenesis. In contrast, asthma pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 contribute to maintain the lean state. The resulting regulatory effects of the immunomodulatory pathways underlying both diseases have been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms by which obesity increases asthma risk and severity. Reduction of weight by diet, exercise, or bariatric surgery reduces inflammatory activity and improves asthma and lung function. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:27:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-89b4066410094d8f9b666bde0d66330b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:27:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-89b4066410094d8f9b666bde0d66330b2023-11-21T08:43:37ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-01-0110216910.3390/jcm10020169Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by InflammationMarina Bantulà0Jordi Roca-Ferrer1Ebymar Arismendi2César Picado3Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, SpainAsthma and obesity are two epidemics affecting the developed world. The relationship between obesity and both asthma and severe asthma appears to be weight-dependent, causal, partly genetic, and probably bidirectional. There are two distinct phenotypes: 1. Allergic asthma in children with obesity, which worsens a pre-existing asthma, and 2. An often non allergic, late-onset asthma developing as a consequence of obesity. In obesity, infiltration of adipose tissue by macrophages M1, together with an increased expression of multiple mediators that amplify and propagate inflammation, is considered as the culprit of obesity-related inflammation. Adipose tissue is an important source of adipokines, such as pro-inflammatory leptin, produced in excess in obesity, and adiponectin with anti-inflammatory effects with reduced synthesis. The inflammatory process also involves the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and TGFβ, which also contribute to asthma pathogenesis. In contrast, asthma pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 contribute to maintain the lean state. The resulting regulatory effects of the immunomodulatory pathways underlying both diseases have been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms by which obesity increases asthma risk and severity. Reduction of weight by diet, exercise, or bariatric surgery reduces inflammatory activity and improves asthma and lung function.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/2/169asthmacytokinesphenotypeinflammationobesity |
| spellingShingle | Marina Bantulà Jordi Roca-Ferrer Ebymar Arismendi César Picado Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation Journal of Clinical Medicine asthma cytokines phenotype inflammation obesity |
| title | Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation |
| title_full | Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation |
| title_fullStr | Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation |
| title_short | Asthma and Obesity: Two Diseases on the Rise and Bridged by Inflammation |
| title_sort | asthma and obesity two diseases on the rise and bridged by inflammation |
| topic | asthma cytokines phenotype inflammation obesity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/2/169 |
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